An investigation of water nutrient levels associated with forest vegetation in highly altered landscapes

References

1. 1. Alban D.H.

   1971. Effect of fertilization on survival and early growth of direct-seeded Red Pine. Research Notes North Central Forest Experiment Station. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service.
2. 1. Anderson W.B.,
   2. Eickmeier W.G.

   . 1998. Physiological and morphological responses to shade and nutrient additions of Claytonia virginica (Portulacaceae): Implications for the “vernal dam” hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique 76:1340-1349.

   OpenUrl
3. 1. Banner E.B.K.,
   2. Stahl A.J.,
   3. Dodds W.K.

   . 2009. Stream discharge and riparian land use influence in-stream concentrations and loads of phosphorus from Central Plains watersheds. Environmental Management 44:552-565.

   OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
4. 1. Belote R.T.,
   2. Jones R.H.,
   3. Wieboldt T.F.

   . 2012. Compositional stability and diversity of vascular plant communities following logging disturbance in Appalachian forests. Ecological Applications 22:502-516.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
5. 1. Belsky A.J.,
   2. Matzke A.,
   3. Uselman S.

   . 1999. Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 54(1):419-431.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
6. 1. Bernhardt E.S.,
   2. Band L.E.,
   3. Walsh C.J.,
   4. Berke P.E.

   . 2008. Understanding, managing, and minimizing urban impacts on surface water nitrogen loading. Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology, 2008 1134:61-96.

   OpenUrlWeb of Science
7. 1. Bierzychudek P.

   1982. Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs—A review. New Phytologist 90:757-776.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
8. 1. Blank J.L.,
   2. Olson R.K.,
   3. Vitousek P.M.

   . 1980. Nutrient-uptake by a diverse spring ephemeral community. Oecologia 47:96-98.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
9. 1. Bray R.H.,
   2. Kurtz L.T.

   . 1945. Determination of total, organic and available phosphorus in soil. Soil Science 59:39-45.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
10. 1. Brown C.D.,
    2. Boutin C.

    . 2009. Linking past land use, recent disturbance, and dispersal mechanism to forest composition. Biological Conservation 142:1647-1656.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
11. 1. Clark G.M.,
    2. Mueller D.K.,
    3. Mast M.A.

    . 2000. Nutrient concentrations and yields in undeveloped stream basins of the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36:849-860.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
12. 1. Coulter C.B.,
    2. Kolka R.K.,
    3. Thompson J.A.

    . 2004. Water quality in agricultural, urban, and mixed land use watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40:1593-1601.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. 1. Crumpton W.G.,
    2. Isenhart T.M.,
    3. Mitchell P.D.

    . 1992. Nitrate and organic N analyses with 2nd-derivative spectroscopy. Limnology and Oceanography 37:907-913.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
14. 1. DeCandido R.

    2004. Recent changes in plant species diversity in urban Pelham Bay Park, 1947-1998. Biological Conservation 120:129-136.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
15. 1. Drayton B.,
    2. Primack R.B.

    . 1996. Plant species lost in an isolated conservation area in Metropolitan Boston from 1894 to 1993. Conservation Biology 10:30-39.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
16. 1. Duan S.,
    2. Kaushal S.S.,
    3. Groffman P.M.,
    4. Band L.E.,
    5. Belt K.T.

    . 2012. Phosphorus export across an urban to rural gradient in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 117:G01025.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
17. 1. Eaton A.D.,
    2. Clesceria L.S.,
    3. Rise E.W.,
    4. Greenburg A.E.

    , eds. 2005. Total suspended solids dried at 103-105C. In Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed., 2-58.
18. 1. Flinn K.M.,
    2. Vellend M.

    . 2005. Recovery of forest plant communities in post-agricultural landscapes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3:243-250.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. 1. Foster D.R.

    1992. Land-use history (1730-1990) and vegetation dynamics in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80:753-772.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. 1. Freemark K.E.,
    2. Boutin C.,
    3. Keddy C.J.

    . 2002. Importance of farmland habitats for conservation of plant species. Conservation Biology 16:399-412.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
21. 1. Fry J.,
    2. Xian G.,
    3. Jin S.,
    4. Dewitz J.,
    5. Homer C.,
    6. Yang L.,
    7. Barnes C.,
    8. Herold N.,
    9. Wickham J.

    . 2011. Completion of the 2006 National Land Cover Database for the conterminous United States, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 779:858-864.

    OpenUrl
22. 1. Gilliam F.S.

    2006. Response of the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems to excess nitrogen deposition. Journal of Ecology 94:1176-1191.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
23. 1. Gilliam F.S.

    2007. The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in temperate forest ecosystems. Bioscience 57:845-858.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
24. 1. Gomi T.,
    2. Sidle R.C.,
    3. Richardson J.S.

    . 2002. Understanding processes and downstream linkages of headwater systems. Bioscience 52:905-916.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
25. 1. Groffman P.M.,
    2. Bain D.J.,
    3. Band L.E.,
    4. Belt K.T.,
    5. Brush G.S.,
    6. Grove J.M.,
    7. Pouyat R.V.,
    8. Yesilonis I.C.,
    9. Zipperer W.C.

    . 2003. Down by the riverside: Urban riparian ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:315-321.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
26. 1. Groffman P.M.,
    2. Boulware N.J.,
    3. Zipperer W.C.,
    4. Pouyat R.V.,
    5. Band L.E.,
    6. Colosimo M.F.

    . 2002. Soil nitrogen cycle processes in urban Riparian zones. Environmental Science & Technology 36:4547-4552.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
27. 1. Groffman P.M.,
    2. Law N.L.,
    3. Belt K.T.,
    4. Band L.E.,
    5. Fisher G.T.

    . 2004. Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems. Ecosystems 7:393-403.

    OpenUrl
28. 1. Gross A.,
    2. Boyd C.E.

    . 1998. A digestion procedure for the simultaneous determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in pond water. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 29:300-303.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
29. 1. Hamberg L.,
    2. Malmivaara-Lamsa M.,
    3. Lehvavirta S.,
    4. O'Hara R.B.,
    5. Kotze D.J.

    . 2010. Quantifying the effects of trampling and habitat edges on forest understory vegetation - A field experiment. Journal of Environmental Management 91:1811-1820.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
30. 1. Hooper D.U.,
    2. Chapin F.S.,
    3. Ewel J.J.,
    4. Hector A.,
    5. Inchausti P.,
    6. Lavorel S.,
    7. Lawton J.H.,
    8. Lodge D.M.,
    9. Loreau M.,
    10. Naeem S.,
    11. Schmid B.,
    12. Setala H.,
    13. Symstad A.J.,
    14. Vandermeer J.,
    15. Wardle D.A.

    . 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75:3-35.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. 1. Hygnstrom S.E.,
    2. Garabrandt G.W.,
    3. Vercauteren K.C.

    . 2011. Fifteen years of urban deer management: The Fontenelle Forest experience. Wildlife Society Bulletin 35:126-136.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
32. 1. Ice G.,
    2. Binkley D.

    . 2003. Forest streamwater concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus: A comparison with EPA's proposed water quality criteria. Journal of Forestry 101:21-28.

    OpenUrl
33. 1. Iowa State University Ada Hayden Herbarium

    . 2004. Coefficients of Conservatism for Iowa plants. Ames, IA: Iowa State University. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~herbarium.
34. 1. Mabry C.

    2002. Effects of cattle grazing on woodlands in central Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 109:53-60.

    OpenUrl
35. 1. Mabry C.M.,
    2. Fraterrigo J.M.

    . 2009. Species traits as generalized predictors of forest community response to human disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management 257:723-730.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
36. 1. Mabry C.M.,
    2. Gerken M.E.,
    3. Thompson J.R.

    . 2008. Seasonal storage of nutrients by perennial herbaceous species in undisturbed and disturbed deciduous hardwood forests. Applied Vegetation Science 11:37-U40.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
37. 1. Mahaney W.M.,
    2. Smemo K.A.,
    3. Gross K.L.

    . 2008. Impacts of C4 grass introductions on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in C3-dominated successional systems. Oecologia 157:295-305.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
38. 1. McIntyre S.,
    2. Lavorel S.

    . 1994. Predicting richness of native, rare, and exotic plants in response to habitat and disturbance variables across a variegated landscape. Conservation Biology 8:521-531.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
39. 1. McLachlan S.M.,
    2. Bazely D.R.

    . 2001. Recovery patterns of understory herbs and their use as indicators of deciduous forest regeneration. Conservation Biology 15:98-110.

    OpenUrl
40. 1. Medalie L.,
    2. Hirsch R.M.,
    3. Archfield S.A.

    . 2012. Use of flow-normalization to evaluate nutrient concentration and flux changes in Lake Champlain tributaries, 1990-2009. Journal of Great Lakes Research 38:58-67.

    OpenUrl
41. 1. Moser W.K.,
    2. Leatherberry E.C.,
    3. Hansen M.H.,
    4. Butler B.J.

    . 2009. Farmers' objectives toward their woodlands in the upper Midwest of the United States: Implications for woodland volumes and diversity. Agroforestry Systems 75:49-60.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
42. 1. Naeem S.,
    2. Thompson L.J.,
    3. Lawler S.P.,
    4. Lawton J.H.,
    5. Woodfin R.M.

    . 1995. Empirical evidence that declining species-diversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 347:249-262.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
43. 1. Peterson D.L.,
    2. Rolfe G.L.

    . 1982. Nutrient dynamics of herbaceous vegetation in upland and floodplain forest communities. American Midland Naturalist 107:325-339.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
44. 1. Rantz S.E.

    , 1982. Measurement and computation of streamflow, Volume 1, Measurement of Stage and Discharge, US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2175. Washington, DC: US Geological Survey.
45. 1. Robinson G.R.,
    2. Yurlina M.E.,
    3. Handel S.N.

    . 1994. A century of change in the Staten Island flora: Ecological correlates of species losses and invasions. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 121:119-129.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
46. 1. Secchi S.,
    2. Tyndall J.,
    3. Schulte L.A.,
    4. Asbiornsen H.

    . 2008. High crop prices and conservation: Raising the stakes. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 63(3):68A-73A, doi:10.2489/jswc.63.3.68A.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
47. 1. Shields C.A.,
    2. Band L.E.,
    3. Law N.,
    4. Groffman P.M.,
    5. Kaushal S.S.,
    6. Savvas K.,
    7. Fisher G.T.,
    8. Belt K.T.

    . 2008. Streamflow distribution of non-point source nitrogen export from urban-rural catchments in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Water Resources Research 44:W08416.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
48. 1. Siccama T.G.,
    2. Bormann F.H.,
    3. Likens G.E.

    . 1970. Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study-productivity, nutrients, and phytosociology of herbaceous layer. Ecological Monographs 40:389-402.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
49. 1. Sonoda K.,
    2. Yeakley J.A.

    . 2007. Relative effects of land use and near-stream chemistry on phosphorus in an urban stream. Journal of Environmental Quality 36:144-154.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
50. 1. Sonoda K.,
    2. Yeakley J.A.,
    3. Walker C.E.

    . 2001. Near-stream landuse effects on streamwater nutrient distribution in an urbanizing watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37:1517-1532.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
51. 1. Sprague L.A.,
    2. Hirsch R.M.,
    3. Aulenbach B.T.

    . 2011. Nitrate in the Mississippi River and its tributaries, 1980 to 2008: Are we making progress? Environmental Science & Technology 45:7209-7216.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
52. 1. US Census Bureau

    . 2011. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011 (CBSA-EST2011-01). Washington, DC: US Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/index.html.
53. 1. USDA Economic Research Service

    . 2012. State fact sheets: Iowa; Farm Characteristics. Washington, DC: USDA Economica Research Service. http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/ia.HTM#FC.
54. 1. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency)

    . 2002. Ecoregion nutrient criteria documents for rivers and streams. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/nutrient/ecoregions/rivers/.
55. 1. Wall G.J.,
    2. Bos A.W.,
    3. Marshall A.H.

    . 1996. The relationship between phosphorus and suspended sediment loads in Ontario watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51(6):504-507.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
56. 1. Whittaker R.H.,
    2. Likens G.E.,
    3. Bormann F.H.,
    4. Eaton J.S.,
    5. Siccama T.G.

    . 1979. Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study-forest nutrient cycling and element behavior. Ecology 60:203-220.

    OpenUrlCrossRef