Beyond COP 21: Potential and challenges of the “4 per Thousand” initiative

REFERENCES

1. 1. Ballantyne A.P.,
   2. Alden C.B.,
   3. Miller J.B.,
   4. Tans P.P.,
   5. White J.W.C.

   . 2012. Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years. Nature 488(7409):70-73.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. 1. Barrett C.B.,
   2. Bevis L.E.M.

   . 2015. The self-reinforcing feedback between low soil fertility and chronic poverty. Nature Geoscience 8:907-912.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
3. 1. Batjes N.H.

   1996. Total carbon and nitrogen in soils of the world. European Journal of Soil Science 47:151-163.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
4. 1. Bello D.

   2013. 400 ppm: Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reaches pre-historic levels, what's next for a warming planet? Scientific American Blogs Network, 9 May 2013.
5. 1. Boden T.A.,
   2. Marland G.,
   3. Andres R.J.

   . 2013. Global, Regional and National Fossil Fuel CO₂ Emissions. Oak Ridge, TN: CDIAC, Oak Ridge National Lab, doi:10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2013.
6. 1. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)

   . 2012. World agriculture towards 2030/2050. ESA Working Paper No.10-30. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
7. 1. FAO

   . 2015. Crop prospects and food situation. 1 March 2015. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
8. 1. Friedlingstein P.,
   2. Houghton R.A.,
   3. Marland G.,
   4. Hackler J.,
   5. Boden T.A.,
   6. Conway T.J.,
   7. Canadell J.G.,
   8. Raupach M.R.,
   9. Ciais P.,
   10. Le Quere C.

   . 2010. Update on CO₂ emissions. Nature Geoscience 3(12):811-812.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
9. 1. Gattuso J.P.,
   2. Magnan A.,
   3. Billé R.,
   4. Cheung W.W.L.,
   5. Howes E.L.,
   6. Joos F.,
   7. Allemand D.,
   8. Bopp L.,
   9. Cooley S.R.,
   10. Eakin C.M.,
   11. Hoegh-Guldberg O.,
   12. Kelly R.P.,
   13. Portner H.O.,
   14. Rogers A.D.,
   15. Baxter J.M.,
   16. Laffoley D.,
   17. Osborn D.,
   18. Rankovic A.,
   19. Rochette J.,
   20. Sumaila U.R.,
   21. Treyer S.,
   22. Turley C.

   . 2015. Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO₂ emissions scenarios. Science 349:45-49.

   OpenUrl
10. 1. Hansen V.,
    2. Muller-Stover D.,
    3. Ahrenfeldt J.,
    4. Holm J.K.,
    5. Henriksen U.B.,
    6. Hauggaard-Nielsen H.

    . 2015. Gasification biochar as a valuable by-product for carbon sequestration and soil amendment. Biomass and Bioenergy 72:300-308.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
11. 1. Herrero M.,
    2. Thornton P.K.,
    3. Notenbaert A.M.,
    4. Wood S.,
    5. Msangi S.,
    6. Freeman H.A.,
    7. Bossio D.,
    8. Dixon J.,
    9. Peters M.,
    10. van de Steeg J.,
    11. Lynam J.,
    12. Parthasarathy Rao P.,
    13. Macmillan S.,
    14. Gerard B.,
    15. McDermott J.,
    16. Sere C.,
    17. Rosegrant M.

    . 2010. Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327:822-825.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
12. 1. Holdren J.P.

    2008. Meeting the climate change challenge. Eighth Annual John P. Chafee Memorial Lecture on Science and the Environment. Ronald Regan Building and International Trade Center, January 17, 2008, Washington, DC.
13. 1. Houghton R.A.,
    2. House J.I.,
    3. Pongratz J.,
    4. van der Werf G.R.,
    5. DeFries R.S.,
    6. Hansen M.C.,
    7. Le Quere C.,
    8. Ramankutty N.

    . 2012. Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover change. Biogeosciences 9(12):5125-5142.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
14. 1. IEA (International Energy Authority)

    . 2014. World Energy Outlook 2014. Paris, France: International Energy Authority.
15. 1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

    . 2014. Climate change 2014: Synthesis Report. The Fifth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
16. 1. Isaacson B.

    2015. To feed humankind, we need the farms of the future today. Newsweek, 22 October 2015.
17. 1. Jenny H.

    1941. Factors of Soil Formation. New York: McGraw Hill.
18. 1. Lal R.,
    2. et al

    1. Jungkunst H.F.,
    2. Krüger J.P.,
    3. Heitkamp F.,
    4. Ersami S.,
    5. Glatzel S.,
    6. Fielder S.,
    7. Lal R.

    . 2012. Permafrost-physical aspects, carbon cycling, databases and uncertainties. In Recarbonization of the Biosphere: Ecosystems and the Global Carbon Cycle, eds. Lal R., et al. Dordrecht: Springer.
19. 1. Lal R.

    2004. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 304:1623-1627. www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/305/5690/1567DCI.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
20. 1. Lal R.

    2005. Soil carbon sequestration in natural and managed tropical forest ecosystems. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 21(1):1-30.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
21. 1. Lal R.

    2006. Enhancing crop yields in the developing countries through restoration of soil organic carbon pool in agricultural lands. Land Degradation and Development 17:197-209.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
22. 1. Lal R.

    2010a. Enhancing eco-efficiency in agro-ecosystems through soil C sequestration. Crop Science 50:S120-S131.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
23. 1. Lal R.

    2010b. Managing soils and ecosystems for mitigating anthropogenic carbon emissions and advancing global food security. BioScience 60(9):708-721.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
24. 1. Lal R.

    2014. Societal value of soil carbon. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 69(6):186A-192A, doi:10.2489/jswc.69.6.186A.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
25. 1. Lal R.

    2015a. Soil carbon sequestration and aggregation by cover cropping. Journal of Soil Water Conservation 70(6):329-339, doi:10.2489/jswc.70.6.329.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
26. 1. Lal R.

    2015b. The soil-peace nexus: Our common future. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 61:566-578.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
27. 1. Rosenberg N.J.,
    2. Izaurralde R.C.,
    3. Malone E.L.

    1. Lal R.,
    2. Hassan H.M.,
    3. Dumanski J.M.

    . 1999. Desertification control to sequester C and mitigate the greenhouse effect. In Carbon Sequestration in Soil: Science, Monitoring and Beyond, eds. Rosenberg N.J., Izaurralde R.C., Malone E.L., 83-107. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press.
28. 1. Le Quere C.,
    2. Moriarty R.,
    3. Andrew R.M.,
    4. Peters G.P.,
    5. Ciais P.,
    6. Friedlingstein P.,
    7. Jones S.D.,
    8. Sitch S.,
    9. Tans P.,
    10. Arneth A.,
    11. Boden T.A.,
    12. Bopp L.,
    13. Bozec Y.,
    14. Canadell J.G.,
    15. Chini L.P.,
    16. Chevallier F.,
    17. Cosca C.E.,
    18. Harris I.,
    19. Hoppema M.,
    20. Houghton R.A.,
    21. House J.I.,
    22. Jain A.K.,
    23. Johannessen T.,
    24. Kato E.,
    25. Keeling R.F.,
    26. Kitidis V.,
    27. Goldewijk K.K.,
    28. Koven C.,
    29. Landa C.S.,
    30. Landschutzer P.,
    31. Lenton A.,
    32. Lima I.D.,
    33. Marland G.,
    34. Mathis J.T.,
    35. Metzl N.,
    36. Nojiri Y.,
    37. Olsen A.,
    38. Ono T.,
    39. Peng S.,
    40. Peters W.,
    41. Pfeil B.,
    42. Poulter B.,
    43. Raupach M.R.,
    44. Regnier P.,
    45. Rodenbeck C.,
    46. Saito S.,
    47. Salisbury J.E.,
    48. Schuster U.,
    49. Schwinger J.,
    50. Seferian R.,
    51. Segschneider J.,
    52. Steinhoff T.,
    53. Stocker B.D.,
    54. Sutton A.J.,
    55. Takahashi T.,
    56. Tilbrook B.,
    57. van der Werf G.R.,
    58. Viovy N.,
    59. Wang Y.P.,
    60. Wanninkhof R.,
    61. Wiltshire A.,
    62. Zeng N.

    . 2015. Global carbon budget 2014. Earth System Science Data 7(1):47-85.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
29. 1. Le Quere C.,
    2. Raupach M.R.,
    3. Canadell J.G.,
    4. Marland G.,
    5. Bopp L.,
    6. Ciais P.,
    7. Conway T.J.,
    8. Doney S.C.,
    9. Feely R.A.,
    10. Foster P.,
    11. Friedlingstein P.,
    12. Gurney K.,
    13. Houghton R.A.,
    14. House J.I.,
    15. Huntingford C.,
    16. Levy P.E.,
    17. Lomas M.R.,
    18. Majkut J.,
    19. Metzl N.,
    20. Ometto J.P.,
    21. Peters G.P.,
    22. Prentice I.C.,
    23. Randerson J.T.,
    24. Running S.W.,
    25. Sarmiento J.L.,
    26. Schuster U.,
    27. Sitch S.,
    28. Takahashi T.,
    29. Viovy N.,
    30. van der Werf G.R.,
    31. Woodward F.I.

    . 2009. Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Nature Geoscience 2(12):831-836.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
30. 1. Lobb D.A.

    2015. Soil health. Crops and Soils 48 (July/August 2015):31-33, doi:10.2134/cs2015-48-4-10.

    OpenUrl
31. 1. Lorenz K.,
    2. Lal R.

    . 2014. Soil organic carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34:443-454.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
32. 1. McNutt M.

    2015. The beyond-two-degree inferno. Science 349:7-7.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
33. 1. Meinshausen M.,
    2. Nicolai M.,
    3. Hare W.C.B.R.,
    4. Raper S.C.B.,
    5. Frieler K.,
    6. Knutti R.,
    7. David J.,
    8. Frame D.J.,
    9. Allen M.R.A.

    . 2009. Greenhouse gas emission targets of limiting global warming to 2°C. Nature 48:1158-1162.

    OpenUrl
34. 1. Montanarella L.

    2015. Govern our soils. Nature 528:32-33.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
35. 1. Mukherjee A.,
    2. Lal R.

    . 2015. Comparison of soil quality index using three methods. PLOS 9(8):e105981.

    OpenUrl
36. 1. Pan Y.D.,
    2. Birdsey R.A.,
    3. Fang J.Y.,
    4. Houghton R.,
    5. Kauppi P.E.,
    6. Kurz W.A.,
    7. Phillips O.L.,
    8. Shvidenko A.,
    9. Lewis S.L.,
    10. Canadell J.G.,
    11. Ciais P.,
    12. Jackson R.B.,
    13. Pacala S.W.,
    14. McGuire A.D.,
    15. Piao S.L.,
    16. Rautiainen A.,
    17. Sitch S.,
    18. Hayes D.

    . 2011. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests. Science 333(6045):988-993.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
37. 1. Ruddiman W.F.

    2003. The anthropogenic green-house era began thousands of years ago. Climatic Change 61:261-293.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
38. 1. Ruddiman W.F.,
    2. Ellis E.C.,
    3. Kaplan J.O.,
    4. Fuller D.Q.

    . 2015. Defining the epoch we live in: Is a formally designated “Anthropocene: A good idea? Science 348:38-39.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
39. 1. Sarmiento J.L.,
    2. Gloor M.,
    3. Gruber N.,
    4. Beaulieu C.,
    5. Jacobson A.R.,
    6. Fletcher S.E.M.,
    7. Pacala S.,
    8. Rodgers K.

    . 2010. Trends and regional distributions of land and ocean carbon sinks. Biogeosciences 7(8):2351-2367.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
40. 1. Tennesen M.

    2014. Rare earth: Soil scientists rare tracking down rare and endangered soils in a quest to document and preserve “pedodiverity.” Science 345:692-695.

    OpenUrl
41. 1. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)

    . 2015. Adoption of the Paris Agreement. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties, Paris, November 30 to December 11, 2015. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf.
42. 1. United Nations

    . 2015. World population prospects: key findings and advance tables. 2015 Revision. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. New York: Population Division, United Nations (ESA/P/WP.241).
43. 1. WMO (World Meteorological Organization)

    . 2015. Greenhouse Gas Bulletin #11. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization.