Research ArticleResearch Section

Riparian proper functioning condition assessment to improve watershed management for water quality

S. Swanson, D. Kozlowski, R. Hall, D. Heggem and J. Lin
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation March 2017, 72 (2) 168-182; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.72.2.168

References

    1. Marriott S.B.,
    2. Alexander J.
    1. Alexander J.,
    2. Marriott S.B.
    . 1999. Introduction. In Floodplains: Interdisciplinary Approaches, eds. Marriott S.B., Alexander J.. London: Geological Society, Special Publication 163:1-3.
    OpenUrl
    1. Andrews E.D.
    1986. Downstream effects of Flaming Gorge Reservoir on the Green River, Colorado and Utah. Geological Society of America Bulletin 97:1012-1023.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Aron J.L.,
    2. Hall R.K.,
    3. Philbin M.J.,
    4. Schafer R.J.
    . 2013. Using watershed function as the leading indicator for water quality. Water Policy 15:850-858.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Baattrup-Pedersen A.,
    2. Jensen K.M.B.,
    3. Thodsen H.,
    4. Andersen H.E.,
    5. Andersen P.M.,
    6. Larsen S.E.,
    7. Riis T.,
    8. Andersen D.K.,
    9. Audet J.,
    10. Kronvang B.
    . 2013. Effects of stream flooding on the distribution and diversity of groundwater-dependent vegetation in riparian areas. Freshwater Biology 58(4):817-827.
    OpenUrl
    1. Bagnold R.A.
    1966. An approach to the sediment transport problem from general physics. US Geology Survey Professional Paper, 442-I US Geological Survey. Washington, DC: US Geological Survey.
    1. Beschta R.L.
    1984. TEMP-85: A computer model for predicting stream temperatures resulting from the management of stream-side vegetation. Ft. Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Watershed Systems Development Group.
    1. Bilby R.E.,
    2. Ward J.W.
    . 1989. Changes in characteristics and function of woody debris with increasing size of streams in western Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118:368-378.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Bilotta G.,
    2. Brazier R.
    . 2008. Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota. Water Research 42:2849-2861.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Blackport R.,
    2. MacGregor R.,
    3. Imhof J.
    . 1995. An approach to the management of groundwater resources to protect and enhance fish habitat. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 2284, Ontario, Canada.
    1. Bledzki L.A.,
    2. Bubier J.L.,
    3. Moulton L.A.,
    4. Kyker-Snowman T.D.
    . 2010. Downstream effects of beaver ponds on the water quality of New England first- and second-order streams. Ecohydrology 4(5):698-707.
    OpenUrl
    1. Braatne J.H.,
    2. Rood S.B.,
    3. Goater L.A.,
    4. Blair C.L.
    . 2008. Analyzing the impacts of dams on riparian ecosystems: A review of research strategies and their relevance to the Snake River through Hells Canyon. Environmental Management 41:267-281.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Brierley G.J.,
    2. Fryirs K.
    . 2000. River styles, a geomorphic approach to catchment characterization: Implications for river rehabilitation in Bega catchment, New South Wales, Australia. Environmental Management 25(6):661-679.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Brierley G.,
    2. Fryirs K.,
    3. Cook N.,
    4. Outhet D.,
    5. Raine A.,
    6. Parsons L.,
    7. Healey M.
    . 2011. Geomorphology in action: Linking policy with on-the-ground actions through applications of the River Styles framework. Applied Geography 31:1132-1143.
    OpenUrl
    1. Brierley G.,
    2. Reid H.,
    3. Fryirs K.,
    4. Trahan N.
    . 2010. What are we monitoring and why? Using geomorphic principles to frame eco-hydrological assessments of river condition. Science of the Total Environment 408:2025-2033.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Briggs M.A.,
    2. Lautz L.K.,
    3. Hare D.K.,
    4. Gonzalez-Pinzon R.
    . 2013. Relating hyporheic fluxes, residence times, and redox-sensitive biogeochemical processes upstream of beaver dams. Freshwater Science 32(2):622-641.
    OpenUrl
    1. Broadfoot W.,
    2. Williston H.
    . 1973. Flooding effects on southern forests. Journal of Forestry 71:584-587.
    OpenUrl
    1. Brookes A.
    1985. River channelization—traditional engineering methods, physical consequences and alternative practices. Progress in Physical Geography 9(1):44-73.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Brown G.,
    2. Krygier J.
    . 1970. Effects of clear-cutting on stream temperature. Water Resources Research 6:1133-1139.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Bruggemann N.,
    2. Gessler A.,
    3. Kayler Z.,
    4. Keel S.G.,
    5. Badeck F.,
    6. Barthel M.,
    7. Boeckx P.,
    8. Buchmann N.,
    9. Brugnoli E.,
    10. Esperschutz J.,
    11. Gavrichkova O.,
    12. Ghashghaie J.,
    13. Gomez-Casanovas N.,
    14. Keitel C.,
    15. Knohl A.,
    16. Kuptz D.,
    17. Palacio S.,
    18. Salmon Y.,
    19. Uchida Y.,
    20. Bahn M.
    . 2011. Carbon allocation and carbon isotope fluxes in the plant-soil-atmosphere continuum: A review. Biogeosciences 8:3457-3489.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Burchsted D.,
    2. Daniels M.,
    3. Thorson R.,
    4. Vokoun J.
    . 2010. The river discontinuum: Applying beaver modifications to baseline conditions for restoration for forested headwaters. Bioscience 60(11):908-922.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Burton T.,
    2. Smith S.,
    3. Crowley E.
    . 2011. Multiple indicator monitoring (MIM) of stream channels and streamside vegetation. Technical Reference 1737-23, 155 pp. Denver, CO: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Operations Center.
    1. Bush J.,
    2. Van Auken O.
    . 1984. Woody species composition of the upper San Antonio River gallery forest. Texas Journal of Science 36:139-148.
    OpenUrl
    1. Caissie D.
    1991. The importance of groundwater to fish habitat: Base flow characteristics for three Gulf Region Rivers. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 814, Ontario, Canada.
    1. Castelle A.,
    2. Johnson A.,
    3. Conolly C.
    . 1994. Wetland and stream buffer size requirements. Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5):878-882.
    OpenUrlGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Chapman J.M.,
    2. Proulx C.L.,
    3. Villeux M.A.N.,
    4. Lavert C.,
    5. Bliss S.,
    6. Andre M.E.,
    7. Lapointe N.W.R.,
    8. Cook S.J.
    . 2014. Clear as mud: A meta-analysis on the effects of sedimentation on freshwater fish and the effectiveness of sediment-control measures. Water Research 56:190-202.
    OpenUrl
    1. Clemmer P.
    1994 (Revised 2001). Riparian area management: The use of aerial photography to manage riparian-wetland areas. Technical Reference 1737-10, 55 pp. Denver, CO: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Operations Center.
    1. Corenblit D.,
    2. Tabacchi E.,
    3. Steiger J.,
    4. Gurnell A.M.
    . 2007. Reciprocal interactions and adjustments between fluvial landforms and vegetation dynamics in river corridors: A review of complementary approaches. Earth-Science Reviews 84:56-86.
    OpenUrlGeoRef
    1. Corenblit D.,
    2. Baas A.W.,
    3. Bornette G.,
    4. Darrozes J.,
    5. Delmotte S.,
    6. Francis R.A.,
    7. Gurnell A.M.,
    8. Julien F.,
    9. Naiman R.J.,
    10. Steiger J.
    . 2011. Feedbacks between geomorphology and biota controlling Earth surface processes and landforms: A review of foundation concepts and current understandings. Earth-Science Reviews 106:307-331.
    OpenUrlGeoRef
    1. Gilbert J.
    1. Correll D.,
    2. Jordan T.,
    3. Weller D.
    . 1996. Failure of agricultural riparian buffers to protect surface waters from groundwater contamination. In Groundwater-Surface Water Ecotones, ed. Gilbert J. London: Cambridge University Press.
    1. Haycock N.,
    2. Burt T.,
    3. Goulding K.,
    4. Pinay G.
    1. Correll D.
    1997. Buffer zones and water quality protection: General Principles. In Buffer zones: Their processes and potential in water protection, eds. Haycock N., Burt T., Goulding K., Pinay G.. The Proceedings of the International Conference on Buffer zones, September 1996. St. Albans, Hertfordshire, UK: Haycock Associated Limited.
    1. Correll D.,
    2. Jordan T.,
    3. Weller D.
    . 2000. Beaver pond biogeochemical effects in the Maryland coastal plain. Biogeochemistry 49(3):217-239.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Cunjak R.,
    2. Power G.
    . 1986. Winter habitat utilization by stream resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:1970-1981.
    OpenUrl
    1. Davies-Colley R.J.
    1997. Stream channels are narrower in pasture than in forest, New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31(5):599-608.
    OpenUrlGeoRef
    1. Demmer R.,
    2. Beschta R.
    . 2008. Recent history (1988-2004) of beaver dams along Bridge Creek in central Oregon. Northwest Science 82(4):309-318.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. DeSteven D.,
    2. Lowrance R.
    . 2011. Agricultural conservation practices and wetland ecosystem services in the wetland-rich Piedmont-Coastal Plain region. Ecological Applications 21(3):S3-S17.
    OpenUrl
    1. Dickard M.,
    2. Gonzalez M.,
    3. Elmore W.,
    4. Leonard S.,
    5. Smith D.,
    6. Smith S.,
    7. Staats J.,
    8. Summers P.,
    9. Weixelman D.,
    10. Wyman S.
    . 2015. Riparian area management: Proper functioning condition assessment for lotic areas. Technical Reference 1737-15. Denver, CO: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Operations Center.
    1. Downs P.W.,
    2. Simon A.
    . 2001. Fluvial geomorphological analysis of the recruitment of large woody debris in the Yalobusha River network, Central Mississippi, USA. Geomorphology 37(1-2):65-91.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Dunne T.,
    2. Leopold L.B.
    . 1978. Water in Environmental Planning, 818 pp. New York, NY: Freeman.
    1. Elosegi A.,
    2. Dı´ez J.R.,
    3. Mutz M.
    . 2010. Effects of hydromorphological integrity on biodiversity and functioning of river ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 657:199-215.
    OpenUrl
    1. Elosegi A.,
    2. Sabater S.
    . 2013. Effects of hydromorphological impacts on river ecosystem functioning: A review and suggestions for assessing ecological impacts. Hydrobiologia 712:129-143.
    OpenUrl
    1. Erskine W.,
    2. Chalmers A.,
    3. Keene A.,
    4. Cheetham M.,
    5. Bush R.
    . 2009. Role of a rheophyte in bench development on a sand-bed river in southeast Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 34(7):941-953.
    OpenUrlGeoRef
    1. Erskine W.,
    2. Keene A.,
    3. Bush R.,
    4. Cheetham M.,
    5. Chalmers A.
    . 2012. Influence of riparian vegetation on channel widening and subsequent contraction on a sand-bed stream since European settlement: Widden Brook, Australia. Geomorphology 147(SI):102-114.
    OpenUrl
    1. FWPCA (Federal Water Pollution Control Act)
    . 1972. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. P.L. 92-500, October 18, 1972, 86 Stat 816.
    1. Florsheim J.L.,
    2. Pellerin B.A.,
    3. Oh N.H.,
    4. Ohara N.,
    5. Bachand P.M.,
    6. Bachand S.M.,
    7. Bergamaschi B.A.,
    8. Hernes P.J.,
    9. Kavvas M.L.
    . 2011. From deposition to erosion: Spatial and temporal variability of sediment sources, storage, and transport in a small agricultural watershed. Geomorphology 132(3-4):272-286.
    OpenUrlGeoRef
    1. Freeze R.,
    2. Cherry J.
    . 1979. Groundwater. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-hall.
    1. Gilliam J.
    1994. Riparian wetlands and water quality. Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5):896-900.
    OpenUrlGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Haycock N.,
    2. Burt T.,
    3. Goulding K.,
    4. Pinay G.
    1. Gilliam J.,
    2. Parsons J.,
    3. Mikkelsen R.
    . 1997. Nitrogen dynamics in buffer zones. In Buffer zones: Their processes and potential in water protection, eds. Haycock N., Burt T., Goulding K., Pinay G.. The Proceedings of the International Conference on Buffer zones, September 1996, 326 pp. St. Albans, Hertfordshire, UK: Haycock Associated Limited.
    1. Ghermandi A.,
    2. Vandenberghe V.,
    3. Benedetti L.,
    4. Bauwens W.,
    5. Vanrolleghem P.
    . 2009. Model-based assessment of shading effect by riparian vegetation on river water quality. Ecological Engineering 35:92-104.
    OpenUrl
    1. Haycock N.,
    2. Burt T.,
    3. Goulding K.,
    4. Pinay G.
    1. Girel J.,
    2. Pautou G.
    . 1997. The influence of sedimentation on vegetation structure. In Buffer zones: Their processes and potential in water protection, eds. Haycock N., Burt T., Goulding K., Pinay G., 326 pp. The Proceedings of the International Conference on Buffer zones, September 1996. St. Albans, Hertfordshire, UK: Haycock Associated Limited.
    1. Gordon E.,
    2. Meentemeyer R.K.
    . 2006. Effects of dam operation and land use on stream channel morphology and riparian vegetation. Geomorphology 82:412-429.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
    1. Groffman P.,
    2. Axelrod E.,
    3. Lemunyon J.,
    4. Sullivan W.
    . 1991. Denitrification in grass and forest vegetated filter strips. Journal of Environmental Quality 20:671-674.
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
    1. Gurnell A.M.,
    2. Piegay H.,
    3. Swanson F.J.,
    4. Gregory S.V.
    . 2002. Large wood and fluvial processes. Freshwater Biology 47:601-619.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Hall R.,
    2. Watkins R.,
    3. Heggem D.,
    4. Jones B.,
    5. Kaufmann P.,
    6. Moore S.,
    7. Gregory S.
    . 2009. Quantifying Structural Physical Habitat Attributes Using Lidar and Hyperspectral Imagery. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, published online, January.
    1. Hall R.K.,
    2. Guiliano D.,
    3. Swanson S.,
    4. Philbin M.J.,
    5. Lin J.,
    6. Aron J.L.,
    7. Schafer R.J.,
    8. Heggem D.T.
    . 2014. An ecological function and services approach to total maximum daily load (TMDL) prioritization. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 186(4):2413-2433.
    OpenUrl
    1. Haycock N.,
    2. Burt T.
    . 1993. Role of floodplain sediments in reducing the nitrate concentration of subsurface runoff: A case study in the Cotswolds, UK. Hydrological Processes 7:287-295.
    OpenUrlGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Hare L.,
    2. Heggem D.,
    3. Hall R.,
    4. Husby P.
    . 2012. Ecological Condition of Streams in Northern Nevada EPA R-MAP Humboldt Basin Project, EPA/600/R-12/605. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.
    1. Hare L.,
    2. Heggem D.,
    3. Hall R.,
    4. Husby P.
    . 2013. An Ecological Characterization and Landscape Assessment of the Humboldt River Basin, EPA/600/R13/006. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.
    1. Hill A.R.
    1996. Nitrate removal in stream riparian zones. Journal of Environmental Quality 25(4):743-755.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Hudson T.P.
    2015. Mediating sociopolitical Barriers to water quality Improvement in surface water on grazed wildlands. Journal of the National Association of County Agricultural Agents 8(1):1-5. http://www.nacaa.com/journal/index.php?jid=488.
    OpenUrl
    1. Hupp C.,
    2. Osterkamp W.
    . 1985. Bottomland vegetation distribution along Passage Creek, Virginia in relation to fluvial landforms. Ecology 66:670-681.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Hupp C.R.,
    2. Pierce A.R.,
    3. Noe G.B.
    . 2009. Floodplain geomorphic processes and environmental impacts of human alteration along coastal plain rivers, USA. Wetlands 29(2):413-429.
    OpenUrl
    1. Kaushal S.,
    2. Groffman P.,
    3. Mayer P.,
    4. Striz E.,
    5. Gold A.
    . 2008. Effects of stream restoration on denitrification in an urbanizing watershed. Ecological Applications 18:789-804.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Kemp P.S.,
    2. Worthington T.A.,
    3. Langford T.L.,
    4. Tree A.J.,
    5. Gaywood M.J.
    . 2012. Qualitative and quantitative effects of reintroduced beavers on stream fish. Fish and Fisheries 13(2):158-181.
    OpenUrl
    1. Kline M.,
    2. Cahoon B.
    . 2010. Protecting river corridors in Vermont. Journal of American Water Resources Association 46(2):227-236.
    OpenUrl
    1. Klotz R.
    2010. Reduction of high nitrate concentrations in a central New York state stream impounded by beaver. Northeastern Naturalist 17(3):349-356.
    OpenUrl
    1. Kondolf G.M.
    1997. Hungry water: Effects of dams and gravel mining on river channels. Environmental Management 21:533-551.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Kondolf G. M.,
    2. Piegay H.
    1. Kondolf G.M.,
    2. Montgomery D.R.,
    3. Piegay H.,
    4. Schmitt L.
    . 2003. Chapter 7: Geomorphic Classification of Rivers and Streams. In Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology, ed. Kondolf G. M., Piegay H., 171-204. West Sussex: Wiley.
    1. Kormondy E.
    1969. Concepts of Ecology, 209 pp. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
    1. Kozlowski D.,
    2. Swanson S.,
    3. Hall R.,
    4. Heggem D.
    . 2013. Linking Changes in Management and Riparian Physical Functionality to Water Quality and Aquatic Habitat: A Case Study of Maggie Creek, NV. EPA/600/R-13/133. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.
    1. Kozlowski D.,
    2. Hall R.K.,
    3. Swanson S.,
    4. Heggem D.T.
    . 2016. Linking management and riparian physical functions to water quality and aquatic habitat. Journal of Water Resource and Protection.
    1. Kozlowski T.
    1. Kozlowski T.
    1984. Responses of woody plants to flooding. In Flooding and Plant Growth, ed. Kozlowski T., 129-163. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
    1. Lane E.W.
    1955. The importance of fluvial morphology in hydraulic engineering. American Society of Civil Engineering, Proceedings 81, paper 745:1-17.
    OpenUrl
    1. Larsen E.W.,
    2. Fremier A.K.,
    3. Greco S.E.
    . 2006. Cumulative effective stream power and bank erosion on the Sacramento River, California, USA. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42(4):1077-1097.
    OpenUrlGeoRef
    1. Lee P.,
    2. Smyth C.,
    3. Boutin S.
    . 2004. Quantitative review of riparian buffer width guidelines from Canada and the United States. Journal of Environmental Management 70(2):165-180.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Leonard S.G.,
    2. Staidl G.J.,
    3. Gebhardt K.A.,
    4. Prichard D.E.
    . 1992. Viewpoint: Range site/ecological site information requirements for classification of riverine riparian ecosystems. Journal of Range Management 45(5):431-435.
    OpenUrl
    1. Leopold L.B.
    1994. A View of the River, 298. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    1. Leopold L.B.,
    2. Wolman M.G.,
    3. Miller J.P.
    . 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, 522. San Francisco, CA: Freeman Co.
    1. Lichvar R.W.,
    2. Kartesz J.T.
    . 2012. North American Digital Flora. National Wetland Plant List, version 3.0. Hanover, NH, and Chapel Hill, NC: US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Biota of North America Program (BONAP). http://wetland_plants.usace.army.mil.
    1. Lowrance R.,
    2. Altier L.S.,
    3. Newbold J.D.,
    4. Schnabel R.S.,
    5. Groffman P.M.,
    6. Denver J.M.,
    7. Correll D.L.,
    8. Gilliam J.W.,
    9. Robinson J.L.,
    10. Brinsfield R.B.,
    11. Staver K.W.,
    12. Lucas W.,
    13. Todd A.H.
    . 1997. Water quality functions of Riparian forest buffers in Chesapeake Bay watersheds. Environmental Management 21(5):687-712.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    1. Mahoney J.M.,
    2. Rood S.B.
    . 1998. Streamflow requirements for cottonwood seedling recruitment—An integrative model. Wetlands 18(4):634-645.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Malcolm I.,
    2. Hannah D.,
    3. Donaghy M.,
    4. Soulsby C.,
    5. Youngson A.
    . 2004. The influence of riparian woodland on the spatial and temporal variability of stream water temperatures in an upland salmon stream. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8(3):449-459.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Manning M.,
    2. Swanson S.,
    3. Svejcar T.,
    4. Trent J.
    . 1989. Rooting characteristics of four intermountain meadow community types. Journal of Range Management 42(4):309-312.
    OpenUrl
    1. Manning M.E.,
    2. Padgett W.G.
    . 1995. Riparian community type classification for Humboldt and Toiyabe National Forests, Nevada, and Eastern California, 306. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region, R4-Ecol-95-01.
    1. Maret T.,
    2. Parker M.,
    3. Fannin T.
    . 1987. The effect of beaver ponds on the nonpoint source water quality of a stream in southwestern Wyoming. Water Resources 21(3):263-268.
    OpenUrl
    1. Margolis B.,
    2. Castro M.,
    3. Raesly R.
    . 2001. The impact of beaver impoundments on the water chemistry of two Appalachian streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58:2271-2283.
    OpenUrl
    1. Marti E.,
    2. Sabater F.
    . 1996. High varaiability in temporal and spatial nutrient retention in Mediterranean streams. Ecology 77(3):854-869.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Mayer P.,
    2. Reynolds S.,
    3. McCutchen M.,
    4. Canfield T.
    . 2006. Meta-analysis of nitrogen removal in riparian buffers. Journal of Environmental Quality 36(4):1172-1180.
    OpenUrl
    1. Merritts D.,
    2. Walter R.,
    3. Rahnis M.,
    4. Hartranft J.,
    5. Cox S.,
    6. Gellis A.,
    7. Potter N.,
    8. Hilgartner W.,
    9. Langland M.,
    10. Manion L.,
    11. Lippincott C.,
    12. Siddiqui S.,
    13. Rehman Z.,
    14. Scheid C.,
    15. Kratz L.,
    16. Shilling A.,
    17. Jenschke M.,
    18. Datin K.,
    19. Cranmer E.,
    20. Reed A.,
    21. Matuszewski D.,
    22. Voli M.,
    23. Ohlson E.,
    24. Neugebauer A.,
    25. Ahamed A.,
    26. Neal C.,
    27. Winter A.,
    28. Becker S.
    . 2011. Anthropocene streams and base-level controls from historic dams in the unglaciated mid-Atlantic region, USA. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 369(1938):976-1009.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Moody T.,
    2. Wirtanen M.,
    3. Yard S.N.
    . 2003. Regional relationships for bankfull stage in natural channels of the arid southwest. Flagstaff, AZ: Natural Channel Design, Inc.
    1. Naiman R.,
    2. Pinay G.,
    3. Johnston C.,
    4. Pastor J.
    . 1994. Beaver influences on the long-term biogeochemical characteristics of boreal forest drainage networks. Ecology 75(4):905-921.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Naiman R.J.,
    2. Balian E.V.,
    3. Bartz K.K.,
    4. Bilby R.E.,
    5. Latterell J.J.
    . 2002. Dead wood dynamics in stream ecosystems. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood in Western Forests, November 2-4, 1999. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, PSW-GTR-181. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service.
    1. NDEP (Nevada Division of Environmental Protection)
    . 2015. Nevada Nonpoint Source Management Plan. Carson City, NV: Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Quality.
    1. O'Driscoll M.A.,
    2. Soban J.R.,
    3. Lecce S.A.
    . 2009. Stream channel enlargement response to urban land cover in small coastal plain watersheds, North Carolina. Physical Geography 30(6):528-555.
    OpenUrlGeoRef
    1. Osborne L.,
    2. Kovacic D.
    . 1993. Riparian vegetated buffer strips in water quality restorations and stream management. Freshwater Biology 29:243-258.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Pan Y.D.,
    2. Hill B.H.,
    3. Husby P.H.,
    4. Hall R.K.,
    5. Kaufmann P.R.
    . 2006. Relationships between environmental variables and benthic diatom assemblages in California Central Valley streams (USA). Hydrobiologia 561:119-130.
    OpenUrl
    1. Parsons J.,
    2. Daniels R.,
    3. Gilliam J.,
    4. Dillaha T.
    . 1994. Reduction in sediment and chemical load in agricultural field runoff by vegetative filter strips. Report No. UNC-WWRI-94-286. Raleigh, NC: Water Resources Research Institute.
    1. Peterjohn W.,
    2. Correll D.
    . 1984. Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed: Observations on the role of a riparian forest. Ecology 65:1466-1475.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Correll D.
    1. Peterjohn W.,
    2. Correll D.
    . 1986. The effect of riparian forest on the volume and chemical composition of baseflow in an agricultural watershed. In Watershed Research Perspectives, ed. Correll D., 244-262. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press.
    1. Phillips J.D.
    1991. Fluvial sediment budgets in the North Carolina Piedmont. Geomorphology 4(3-4):231-241.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Pinay G.,
    2. Roques L.,
    3. Fabre A.
    . 1993. Spatial and temporal patterns of denitrification in a riparian forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 30:581-591.
    OpenUrl
    1. Polzin M.L.,
    2. Rood S.B.
    . 2006. Effective disturbance: Seedling safe sites and patch recruitment of riparian cottonwoods after a major flood of a mountain river. Wetlands 26(4):965-980.
    OpenUrl
    1. Power G.,
    2. Brown R.,
    3. Imhof J.
    . 1999. Groundwater and fish: Insights from northern North America. Hydrological Processes 13:401-422.
    OpenUrlGeoRef
    1. Prichard D.,
    2. Barrett H.,
    3. Cagney J.,
    4. Clark R.,
    5. Fogg J.,
    6. Gebhardt K.,
    7. Hansen P.L.,
    8. Mitchell B.,
    9. Tippy D.
    . 1993 (revised 1995). Riparian Area Management: Process for Assessing Proper Functioning Condition. Technical Reference 1737-9, 52 pp. Denver, CO: US Department of the Interior (USDI) Bureau of Land Management (BLM), US Forest Service (US FS), and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
    1. Prichard D.,
    2. Anderson J.,
    3. Correll C.,
    4. Fogg J.,
    5. Gebhardt K.,
    6. Krapf R.,
    7. Leonard S.,
    8. Mitchell B.,
    9. Staats J.
    . 1998. Riparian Area Management: A User Guide to Assessing Proper Functioning Condition and Supporting Science for Lotic Areas. Technical Reference 1737-15, 126 pp. Denver, CO: US Department of the Interior (USDI) Bureau of Land Management (BLM), US Forest Service (US FS), and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
    1. Reed P. Jr..
    1988. National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: Intermountain (region 8). Biological Report 88(26.8), 76 pp. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of the Interior (USDI) Fish and Wildlife Service.
    1. Robertson J.M.,
    2. Augspurger C.K.
    . 1999. Geomorphic processes and spatial patterns of primary forest succession on the Bogue Chitto River, USA. Journal of Ecology 87(6):1052-1063.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Robertson K.M.
    2006. Distributions of tree species along point bars of 10 rivers in the south-eastern US Coastal Plain. Journal of Biogeography 33(1):121-132.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Rominger J.T.,
    2. Lightbody A.F.,
    3. Nepf H.M.
    . 2010. Effects of added vegetation on sand bar stability and stream hydrodynamics. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (American Society of Civil Engineering) 136(12):994-1002.
    OpenUrl
    1. Rood S.B.,
    2. Gourley C.,
    3. Ammon E.M.,
    4. Heki L.G.,
    5. Klotz J.R.,
    6. Morrison M.L.,
    7. Mosley D.,
    8. Scoppettone G.G.,
    9. Swanson S.,
    10. Wagner P.L.
    . 2003. Flows for floodplain forests: Successful for riparian restoration along the lower Truckee River, Nevada, USA. BioScience 53(7):647-656.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Rosgen D.L.
    1994. A classification of natural rivers. Catena 22:169-199.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
    1. Rosgen D.
    1996. Applied River Morphology. Pagosa Spings, CO: Wildland Hydrology.
    1. Rosgen D.
    2006. Watershed Assessment of River Stability and Sediment Supply (WARSSS). Ft. Collins, CO: Wildland Hydrology.
    1. Roy V.,
    2. Amyot M.,
    3. Carignan R.
    . 2009. Beaver ponds increase methylmercury concentrations in Canadian shield streams along vegetation and pondage gradients. Environmental Science and Technology 43(15):5605-5611.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Schipper L.A.,
    2. Cooper A.B.,
    3. Harfoot C.G.,
    4. Dyck W.J.
    . 1993. Regulators of denitrification in an organic riparian soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25(7):925-933.
    OpenUrl
    1. Fairbridge R.W.
    1. Schmudde T.H.
    1968. Floodplains. In The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, ed. Fairbridge R.W., 359-362. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation.
    1. Schumm S.A.
    1960. The Shape of Alluvial Channels in Relation to Sediment Type: Erosion and Sedimentation in a Semiarid Environment. US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 352-B, 30 p.
    OpenUrl
    1. Schumm S.A.
    1963. Sinuosity of alluvial rivers on the Great Plains. Geological Society of America Bulletin 74(9):1089-1100.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Schumm S.A.
    1979. Geomorphic thresholds: The concept and its applications. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 4(4):485-515.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Schumm S.A.
    1984. The Fluvial System. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
    1. Schumm S.A.,
    2. Harvey M.D.,
    3. Watson C.C.
    . 1984. Incised channels: Morphology, dynamics and control, 200 pp. Littleton, CO: Water Resources Publications.
    1. Scott M.L.,
    2. Friedman J.M.,
    3. Auble G.T.
    . 1996. Fluvial process and the establishment of bottomland trees. Geomorphology 14(4):327-339.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Shields F.D.,
    2. Lizotte R.E. Jr..,
    3. Knight S.S.,
    4. Cooper C.M.,
    5. Wilcox D.
    . 2010. The stream channel incision syndrome and water quality. Ecological Engineering 36:78-90.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Simon A.
    1989. A model of channel response in disturbed alluvial channels. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 14(1):11-26.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Simon A.,
    2. Thomas R.E.
    . 2002. Processes and forms of an unstable alluvial system with resistant, cohesive streambeds. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27(7):699-718.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Simon A.,
    2. Pollen N.,
    3. Langendoen E.
    . 2006. Influence of two woody riparian species on critical conditions for streambank stability: Upper Truckee River. California Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42(1):99-113.
    OpenUrl
    1. Simon A.,
    2. Rinaldi M.
    . 2006. Disturbance, stream incision, and channel evolution: The roles of excess transport capacity and boundary materials in controlling channel response. Geomorphology 79(3-4):361-383.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Sinokrot B.,
    2. Stefan H.
    . 1993. Stream temperature dynamics: Measurements and modeling. Water Resources Research 29(7):2299-2312.
    OpenUrlGeoRef
    1. Smith J.M.,
    2. Mather M.E.
    . 2013. Beaver dams maintain fish biodiversity by increasing habitat heterogeneity throughout a low-gradient stream network. Freshwater Biology 58:1523-1538.
    OpenUrl
    1. Steiger J.,
    2. Gurnell A.M.
    . 2003. Spatial hydrogeomorphological influences on sediment and nutrient deposition in riparian zones: Observations from the Garonne River, France. Geomorphology 49(1-2):1-23.
    OpenUrlGeoRef
    1. Swanson S.
    1996. Reading a Stream's Need for Management. In Livestock Management in Grazed Watersheds—A Review of Practices that Protect Water Quality, M.R. George (Technical Coordinator), Agricultural Issues Center Publication 3381, 23-36. Berkeley, CA: Davis Animal Agriculture Research Center and University of California.
    1. Swanson S.,
    2. Wyman S.,
    3. Evans C.
    . 2015. Practical grazing management to maintain or restore riparian functions and values. Journal of Rangeland Applications 2:1-28.
    OpenUrl
    1. Sweeney B.,
    2. Bott T.,
    3. Jackson J.,
    4. Kaplan L.,
    5. Newbold J.,
    6. Standley L.,
    7. Hession W.,
    8. Horwitz R.
    . 2004. Riparian deforestation, stream narrowing, and loss of stream ecosystem services. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(39):14132-14137.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Tabacchi E.,
    2. Lambs L.,
    3. Guilloy H.,
    4. Planty-Tabacchi A.,
    5. Muller E.,
    6. Decamps H.
    . 2000. Impacts of riparian vegetation on hydrological processes. Hydrological Processes 14:2959-2976.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Tal M.,
    2. Paola C.
    . 2010. Effects of vegetation on channel morphodynamics: Results and insights from laboratory experiments. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 35(9):1014-1028.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
    1. Theurer F.,
    2. Voos K.,
    3. Miller W.
    . 1984. Instream water temperature model. Instream Flow Information Paper 16. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service.
    1. Toledo Z.O.,
    2. Kauffman J.B.
    . 2001. Root biomass in relation to channel morphology of headwater streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(6):1653-1663.
    OpenUrl
    1. Triska F.J.,
    2. Duff J.H.,
    3. Avanzino R.J.
    . 1993. The role of water exchange between a stream channel and its hyporheic zone in nitrogen cycling at the terrestrial aquatic interface. Hydrobiologia 251(1-3):167-184.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. USDI BLM (US Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management)
    . 2013. Public Land Statistics 2013. BLM/OC/ST-14/004+1165 P-108-3. National Operations Center.
    1. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency)
    . 2009a. The National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress for the 2004 Reporting Cycle, Office of Water, EPA 841-F-08-003, January.
    1. USEPA
    . 2009b. National Lakes Assessment: A Collaborative Survey of the Nation's Lakes. 841-R-09-001. Washington, DC: EPA Office of Water and Office of Research and Development.
    1. USEPA
    . 2013. National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2008-2009, A collaborative survey, Draft Report EPA/841/D-13/001.
    1. US FS (US Forest Service)
    . 1992. Integrated riparian evaluation guide-Intermountain Region, 199 pp. Ogden, UT: US Forest Service.
    1. US FS
    . 2012. Middle Dungeness River Subwatershed Restoration Action Plan Hood Canal Ranger District, Olympic National Forest, US Forest Service Watershed Condition Framework.
    1. Vannote R.L.,
    2. Minshall G.W.,
    3. Cummins K.W.,
    4. Sedell J.R.,
    5. Cushing C.E.
    . 1980. River continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37(1):130-137.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Van Vliet M.,
    2. Zwolsman J.
    . 2008. Impact of summer droughts on the water quality of the Meuse River. Journal of Hydrology 353:1-17.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. White S.M.,
    2. Rahel F.J.
    . 2008. Complementation of habitats for Bonneville cutthroat trout in watersheds influenced by beavers, livestock, and drought. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137(3):881-894.
    OpenUrl
    1. Weixelman D.,
    2. Zamudio D.,
    3. Zamudio K.
    . 1996. Central Nevada riparian field guide, 145 pp. R4-ECOL-96-01. Ogden, UT: US Forest Service, Intermountain Region.
    1. Welsch D.
    1991. Riparian forest buffers – Function and design for protection and enhancement of water resources, 20 pp. US Forest Service Publication NA-PR-07-91.
    1. Winward A.H.
    2000. Monitoring the vegetation resources in riparian areas. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-47. Fort Collins, CO: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
    1. Wolman M.G.,
    2. Leopold L.B.
    . 1957. River floodplains: Some observations on their formation. USGS Professional Paper 282-C. Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior.
    1. Wolman M.G.,
    2. Gerson R.
    . 1978. Relative scales of time and effectiveness of climate in watershed geomorphology: Earth Surface Processes 3:189-208.
    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
    1. Wyman S.,
    2. Bailey D.,
    3. Borman M.,
    4. Cote S.,
    5. Eisner J.,
    6. Elmore W.,
    7. Leinard B.,
    8. Leonard S.,
    9. Reed F.,
    10. Swanson S.,
    11. Van Riper L.,
    12. Westfall T.,
    13. Wiley R.,
    14. Winward A.
    . 2006. Riparian area management: Grazing management processes and strategies for riparian-wetland areas. Technical Reference No. 1737-20. Denver, CO: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
    1. Zaimes G.N.,
    2. Schultz R.C.,
    3. Tefekcioglu M
    . 2009. Gully and stream bank erosion in three pastures with different management in southeast Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 116:1-8.
    OpenUrl
    1. Zeedyk B.,
    2. Clothier V.
    . 2009. Let the water do the work – Induced meandering, an evolving method for restoring incised channels, 254 pp. White River Junction, VT: Quivera Coalition and republished in 2014 by Chelsea Green Publishing.
    1. Zimmerman R.C.,
    2. Goodlet J.C.,
    3. Comer G.H.
    . 1967. The influence of vegetation on channel form of small streams. International Association of Scientific Hydrology 75:255-275.
    OpenUrl
Back to top

In this issue

Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools
Request Permissions
Riparian proper functioning condition assessment to improve watershed management for water quality
S. Swanson, D. Kozlowski, R. Hall, D. Heggem, J. Lin
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Mar 2017, 72 (2) 168-182; DOI: 10.2489/jswc.72.2.168
Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo

Jump to section