Conversion of native rangelands into cultivated pasturelands in subtropical ecosystems: Impacts on aggregate-associated carbon and nitrogen

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a critical role in the sustainability of grazingland ecosystems around the world. However, maintaining or increasing SOC levels remains a major challenge, particularly in subtropical regions where coarse-textured soils predominate. This study evaluated the long-term (>20 years) impacts of grazingland intensification (conversion of native rangelands into more intensively managed silvopasture and sown pasture) on SOC and nitrogen (N) responses in particle size/density fractions. Treatments consisted of field replicated (n = 2) experimental sites that represented a gradient of intensification ranging from native rangelands (low intensification), pine (Pinus spp.)-bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) silvopasture (moderate intensification), and bahiagrass pastures (high intensification). Soil organic C and N increased in response to the conversion of native rangelands into more intensively managed grazinglands, but no difference was observed in total SOC and N between silvopasture and sown pasture. Despite the positive impact of intensification on SOC and N pools, accumulation occurred primarily in more labile fractions. For instance, at the 0 to 10 cm depth, light-free C (LF-C) increased from 12.9 g kg⁻¹ soil in the native rangeland to 24.7 g kg⁻¹ soil in the sown pasture. Largest differences between the ecosystems were observed at the 10 to 20 cm depth where LF-C increased by as much as 170% following the conversion from native rangelands to sown pasture. Similar responses were also observed for N. Grazingland intensification showed no effect on soil aggregation, but SOC and N associated with macroaggregates (2,000 to 250 μm) increased with intensification. Results indicate that grazingland intensification promoted SOC and N accumulation, primarily through an increase in the LF fraction.