Contribution of streambanks to phosphorus export from Iowa

References

1. ↵
   1. Beck, W.J.

   2018. Sediment and phosphorus dynamics within the channel and floodplain of Walnut Creek, Iowa. PhD dissertation, Iowa State University.
2. ↵
   1. Beck, W.,
   2. T. Isenhart,
   3. P. Moore,
   4. K. Schilling,
   5. R. Schultz, and
   6. M. Tomer

   . 2018. Streambank alluvial unit contributions to suspended sediment and total phosphorus loads, Walnut Creek, Iowa, USA. Water 10:111.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Beck, W.J.,
   2. P.L. Moore,
   3. K.E. Schilling,
   4. C.F. Wolter,
   5. T.M. Isenhart,
   6. K.J. Cole, and
   7. M.D. Tomer

   . 2019. Changes in lateral floodplain connectivity accompanying stream channel evolution: Implications for sediment and nutrient budgets. Science of the Total Environment 660:1015-1028.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Belmont, P.,
   2. K.B. Gran,
   3. S.P. Schottler,
   4. P.R. Wilcock,
   5. S.S. Day,
   6. C. Jennings,
   7. J.W. Lauer,
   8. E. Viparelli,
   9. J.K. Willenbring,
   10. D.R. Engstrom, and
   11. G. Parker

   . 2011. Large shift in source of fine sediment in the Upper Mississippi River. Environmental Science & Technology 45:8804-8810.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Christianson, R.,
   2. L. Christianson,
   3. C. Wong,
   4. M. Helmers,
   5. G. McIsaac,
   6. D. Mulla, and
   7. M. McDonald

   . 2018. Beyond the nutrient strategies: Common ground to accelerate agricultural water quality improvement in the upper Midwest. Journal of Environmental Management 206:1072-1080.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Couper, P.,
   2. T. Stott, and
   3. I. Maddock

   . 2002. Insights into river bank erosion processes derived from analysis of negative erosion-pin recordings: Observations from three recent UK studies. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27:59-79.

   OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
7. ↵
   1. Crosland, A.R.,
   2. F.J, Zhao,
   3. S.P. McGrath, and
   4. P.W. Lane

   . 1995. Comparison of aqua regia digestion with sodium carbonate fusion for the determination of total phosphorus in soils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26:1357-1368.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
8. ↵
   1. Diaz, R.J.

   2001. Overview of hypoxia around the world. Journal of Environmental Quality 30:275-281.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. ↵
   1. Florsheim, J.L.,
   2. J.F. Mount, and
   3. A. Chin

   . 2008. Bank erosion as a desirable attribute xof rivers. BioScience 58:519-529.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
10. ↵
    1. Fox, G.A.,
    2. R.A. Purvis, and
    3. C.J. Penn

    . 2016. Streambanks: A net source of sediment and phosphorus to streams and rivers. Journal of Environmental Management 181:602-614.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Fox, G.A.,
    2. G.V. Wilson,
    3. A. Simon,
    4. E.J. Langendoen,
    5. O. Akay, and
    6. J.W. Fuchs

    . 2007. Measuring streambank erosion due to ground water seepage: Correlation to bank pore water pressure, precipitation and stream stage. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32:1558-1573.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
12. ↵
    1. Gentry, L.E.,
    2. M.B. David,
    3. T.V. Royer,
    4. C.A. Mitchell, and
    5. K.M. Starks

    . 2007. Phosphorus transport pathways to streams in tile-drained agricultural watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality 36:408-415.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. ↵
    1. Hamlett, J.M.,
    2. J.L. Baker, and
    3. H.P. Johnson

    . 1983. Channel morphology changes and sediment yield for a small agricultural watershed in Iowa. Transactions of the ASAE 26:1390-1396.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Hecky, R.E., and
    2. P. Kilham

    . 1988. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in freshwater and marine environments: A review of recent evidence on the effects of enrichment. Limnology and Oceanography 33:796-822.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
15. ↵
    1. Hooke, J.M.

    1980. Magnitude and distribution of rates of river bank erosion. Earth surface Processes 5:143-157.

    OpenUrlGeoRefWeb of Science
16. ↵
    1. Ishee, E.R.,
    2. D.S. Ross,
    3. K.M. Garvey,
    4. R.R. Bourgault, and
    5. C.R. Ford

    . 2015. Phosphorus characterization and contribution from eroding streambank soils of Vermont’s Lake Champlain Basin. Journal of Environmental Quality 44:1745-1753.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Jacobson, L.M.,
    2. M.B. David, and
    3. L.E. Drinkwater

    . 2011. A spatial analysis of phosphorus in the Mississippi River Basin. Journal of Environmental Quality 40:931-941.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. ↵
    1. Jones, C.S.,
    2. J.K. Nielsen,
    3. K.E. Schilling, and
    4. L.J. Weber

    . 2018. Iowa stream nitrate and the Gulf of Mexico. PloS One 13:e0195930.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Jones, C.S., and
    2. K.E. Schilling

    . 2011. From agricultural intensification to conservation: Sediment transport in the Raccoon River, Iowa, 1916–2009. Journal of Environmental Quality 40:1911-1923.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefPubMed
20. ↵
    1. King, K.W.,
    2. M.R. Williams, and
    3. N.R. Fausey

    . 2015a. Contributions of systematic tile drainage to watershed-scale phosphorus transport. Journal of Environmental Quality 44:486-494.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
21. ↵
    1. King, K.W.,
    2. M.R. Williams,
    3. M.L. Macrae,
    4. N.R. Fausey,
    5. J. Frankenberger,
    6. D.R. Smith,
    7. P.J. Kleinman, and
    8. L.C. Brown

    . 2015b. Phosphorus transport in agricultural subsurface drainage: A review. Journal of Environmental Quality 44:467-485.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
22. ↵
    1. Knox, J.C.

    2001. Agricultural influence on landscape sensitivity in the Upper Mississippi River Valley. Catena 42:193-224.

    OpenUrlGeoRef
23. 1. Kronvang, B.,
    2. J. Audet,
    3. A. Baattrup-Pedersen,
    4. H.S. Jensen, and
    5. S.E. Larsen

    . 2012. Phosphorus load to surface water from bank erosion in a Danish lowland river basin. Journal of Environmental Quality 41:304-313.

    OpenUrlPubMed
24. ↵
    1. Landemaine, V.,
    2. A. Gay,
    3. O. Cerdan,
    4. S. Salvador-Blanes, and
    5. S. Rodrigues

    . 2015. Morphological evolution of a rural headwater stream after channelization. Geomorphology 230:125-137.

    OpenUrlGeoRef
25. ↵
    1. Lane, E.W.

    1955. Importance of fluvial morphology in hydraulic engineering. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 81(7):1-17.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    1. Laubel, A.,
    2. K.B. Kronvang,
    3. A.B. Hald, and
    4. C. Jensen

    . 2003. Hydromorphological and biological factors influencing sediment and phosphorus loss via bank erosion in small lowland rural streams in Denmark. Hydrological Processes 17:3443-3463.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
27. ↵
    1. P.A. Carling and
    2. G.E. Petts

    1. Lawler, D.M.

    1992. Process dominance in bank erosion systems. In Lowland Floodplain Rivers: Geomorphological Perspectives, ed. P.A. Carling and G.E. Petts, 117-143. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
28. ↵
    1. Leopold, L.B.,
    2. M.G. Wolman, and
    3. J.P. Miller

    . 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
29. ↵
    1. Miller, R.B.,
    2. G.A. Fox,
    3. C.J. Penn,
    4. S. Wilson,
    5. A. Parnell,
    6. R.A. Purvis, and
    7. K. Criswell

    . 2014. Estimating sediment and phosphorus loads from streambanks with and without riparian protection. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 189:70-81.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. Moustakidis, I.V.,
    2. K.E. Schilling, and
    3. L.J. Weber

    . 2019. Soil total phosphorus deposition and variability patterns across the floodplains of an Iowa river. Catena 174:84-94.

    OpenUrl
31. ↵
    1. Nellesen, S.L.,
    2. J.L. Kovar,
    3. M.M. Haan, and
    4. J.R. Russell

    . 2011. Grazing management effects on stream bank erosion and phosphorus delivery to a pasture stream. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91:385–395.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
32. ↵
    1. Palmer, J.A.,
    2. K.E. Schilling,
    3. T.M. Isenhart,
    4. R.C. Schultz, and
    5. M.D. Tomer

    . 2014. Streambank erosion rates and loads within a single watershed: Bridging the gap between temporal and spatial scales. Geomorphology 209:66-78.

    OpenUrlGeoRef
33. ↵
    1. Peacher, R.D.,
    2. R.N. Lerch,
    3. R.C. Schultz,
    4. C.D. Willett, and
    5. T.M. Isenhart

    . 2018. Factors controlling streambank erosion and phosphorus loss in claypan watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 73(2):189-199. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.73.2.189.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
34. ↵
    1. Piégay, H.,
    2. S.E. Darby,
    3. E. Mosselman, and
    4. N. Surian

    . 2005. A review of techniques available for delimiting the erodible river corridor: A sustainable approach to managing bank erosion. River Research and Applications 21:773-789.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
35. ↵
    1. Pollen, N.,
    2. A. Simon, and
    3. A. Collison

    . 2004. Advances in assessing the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Riparian Vegetation and Fluvial Geomorphology 8:125-139.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. Purvis, R.A., and
    2. G.A. Fox

    . 2016. Streambank sediment loading rates at the watershed scale and the benefit of riparian protection. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 41:1327-1336.

    OpenUrl
37. ↵
    1. Qian, T.,
    2. A. Dai, and
    3. K.E. Trenberth

    . 2007. Hydroclimatic trends in the Mississippi River basin from 1948 to 2004. Journal of Climate 20:4599-4614.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
38. ↵
    1. Rahutomo, S.,
    2. J.L. Kovar, and
    3. M.L. Thompson

    . 2018. Inorganic and organic phosphorus in sediments in the Walnut Creek Watershed of central Iowa, USA. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 229:1-12.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Rundhaug, T.J.,
    2. G.R. Geimer,
    3. C.W. Drake,
    4. A.A. Amado,
    5. A.A. Bradley,
    6. C.F. Wolter, and
    7. L.J. Weber

    . 2018. Agricultural conservation practices in Iowa watersheds: Comparing actual implementation with practice potential. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 190:659.

    OpenUrl
40. ↵
    1. Robertson, D.M., and
    2. S.A. Saad

    . 2013. SPARROW models used to understand nutrient sources in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin. Journal of Environmental Quality 42:1422-1440.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Schilling, K.E.,
    2. T.M. Isenhart,
    3. J.A. Palmer,
    4. C.F. Wolter, and
    5. J. Spooner

    . 2011. Impacts of land-cover change on suspended sediment transport in two agricultural watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 47:672-686.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
42. ↵
    1. Schilling, K.E.,
    2. P.J. Jacobson, and
    3. C.F. Wolter

    . 2018. Using riparian zone scaling to optimize buffer placement and effectiveness. Landscape Ecology 33:141-156.

    OpenUrl
43. ↵
    1. Schilling, K.E.,
    2. S.W. Kim,
    3. C.S. Jones, and
    4. C.F. Wolter

    . 2017. Orthophosphorus contributions to total phosphorus concentrations and loads in Iowa agricultural watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality 46:828-835.

    OpenUrl
44. ↵
    1. Schilling, K.E.,
    2. J.A. Palmer,
    3. E.A. Bettis III.,
    4. P. Jacobson,
    5. R.C. Schultz, and
    6. T.M. Isenhart

    . 2009. Vertical distribution of total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in riparian soils of Walnut Creek, southern Iowa. Catena 77:266-273.

    OpenUrlGeoRef
45. ↵
    1. Schilling, K.E.,
    2. M.T. Streeter,
    3. A. Seeman,
    4. C.S. Jones, and
    5. C.F. Wolter

    . 2020. Total phosphorus export from Iowa agricultural watersheds: Quantifying the scope and scale of a regional condition. Journal of Hydrology 581:124397.

    OpenUrl
46. ↵
    1. Schilling, K.E., and
    2. C.F. Wolter

    . 2000. Application of GPS and GIS to map channel features in Walnut Creek, Iowa. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36:1423-1434.

    OpenUrlGeoRef
47. ↵
    1. Schottler, S.P.,
    2. J. Ulrich,
    3. P. Belmont,
    4. R. Moore,
    5. J.W. Lauer,
    6. D.R. Engstrom, and
    7. J.E. Almendinger

    . 2014. Twentieth century agricultural drainage creates more erosive rivers. Hydrological Processes 28:1951-1961.

    OpenUrl
48. ↵
    1. Sekely, A.C.,
    2. D.J. Mulla, and
    3. D.W. Bauer

    . 2002. Streambank slumping and its contribution to the phosphorus and suspended sediment loads of the Blue Earth River, Minnesota. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 57(5):243-250.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
49. ↵
    1. Sharpley, A.

    1995. Identifying sites vulnerable to phosphorus loss in agricultural runoff. Journal of Environmental Quality 24:947-951.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
50. ↵
    1. Simon, A., and
    2. A.J. Collison

    . 2002. Quantifying the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on streambank stability. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27:527-546.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
51. ↵
    1. Simon, A.,
    2. A. Curini,
    3. S. Darby, and
    4. E.J. Langendoen

    . 2000. Bank and near-bank processes in an incised channel. Geomorphology 35:193-217.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
52. ↵
    1. Simon, A., and
    2. M. Rinaldi

    . 2000. Channel instability in the loess area of the Midwestern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36:133-150.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
53. ↵
    1. Simon, A., and
    2. M. Rinaldi

    . 2006. Disturbance, stream incision, and channel evolution: The roles of excess transport capacity and boundary materials in controlling channel response. Geomorphology 79:361-383.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
54. ↵
    1. Smith, D.R.,
    2. K.W. King,
    3. L. Johnson,
    4. W. Francesconi,
    5. P. Richards,
    6. D. Baker, and
    7. A.N. Sharpley

    . 2015. Surface runoff and tile drainage transport of phosphorus in the midwestern United States. Journal of Environmental Quality 44:495-502.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
55. 1. Stamm, C.H.,
    2. H. Flühler,
    3. R. Gächter,
    4. J. Leuenberger, and
    5. H. Wunderli

    . 1998. Preferential transport of phosphorus in drained grassland soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 27:515-522.

    OpenUrlGeoRefWeb of Science
56. ↵
    1. Streeter, M.T.,
    2. K.E. Schilling,
    3. C.L. Burras, and
    4. C.F. Wolter

    . 2021. Erosion and sediment delivery in southern Iowa watersheds: Implications for conservation planning. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 76(2):103-115. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2021.00125.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
57. ↵
    1. Sylvan, J.B.,
    2. Q. Dortch,
    3. D.M. Nelson,
    4. A.F. Maier Brown,
    5. W. Morrison, and
    6. J.W. Ammerman

    . 2006. Phosphorus limits phytoplankton growth on the Louisiana shelf during the period of hypoxia formation. Environmental Science & Technology 40:7548-7553.

    OpenUrl
58. ↵
    1. Takle, E.S., and
    2. W.J. Gutowski Jr.

    . 2020. Iowa’s agriculture is losing its Goldilocks climate. Physics Today 73:26-33.

    OpenUrl
59. ↵
    1. Thoma, D.P.,
    2. S.C. Gupta,
    3. M.E. Bauer, and
    4. C.E. Kirchoff

    . 2005. Airborne laser scanning for riverbank erosion assessment. Remote Sensing of Environment 95:493-501.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
60. ↵
    1. Tomer, M.D., and
    2. J.D. Van Horn

    . 2018. Stream bank and sediment movement associated with 2008 flooding, South Fork Iowa River. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 73(2):97-106. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.73.2.97.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
61. ↵
    1. Tufekcioglu, M.,
    2. T.M. Isenhart,
    3. R.C. Schultz,
    4. D.A. Bear,
    5. J.L. Kovar, and
    6. J.R. Russell

    . 2012. Stream bank erosion as a source of sediment and phosphorus in grazed pastures of the Rathbun Lake Watershed in southern Iowa, United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 67(6):545-555. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.67.6.545.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
62. ↵
    1. Turner, R.E.,
    2. N.N. Rabalais, and
    3. D. Justic

    . 2008. Gulf of Mexico hypoxia: Alternate states and a legacy. Environmental Science & Technology 42:2323-2327.

    OpenUrl
63. ↵
    1. USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service)

    . 1998. Erosion and Sediment Delivery. Field Office Technical Guide Notice No. IA-198. Des Moines, IA: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.
64. ↵
    1. Villarini,
    2. G.,
    3. E. Scoccimarro, and
    4. S. Gualdi

    . 2013. Projections of heavy rainfall over the central United States based on CMIP5 models. Atmospheric Science Letters 14:200-205.

    OpenUrl
65. ↵
    1. Watanabe, F.S., and
    2. S.R. Olsen

    . 1965. Test of an ascorbic acid method for determining phosphorus in water and NaHCO₃ extracts from soil. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings 29:677-678.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
66. ↵
    1. Willett, C.D.,
    2. R.N. Lerch,
    3. R.C. Schultz,
    4. S.A. Berges,
    5. P.D. Peacher, and
    6. T.M. Isenhart

    . 2012. Streambank erosion in two watersheds of the Central Claypan Region of Missouri, United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 67(4):249-263. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.67.4.249.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
67. ↵
    1. Wilkin, D.C., and
    2. S.J. Hebel

    . 1982. Erosion, redeposition, and delivery of sediment to Midwestern streams. Water Resources Research 18:1278-1282.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
68. ↵
    1. Williams, F.

    2019. Combining field and automated methods to estimate bank erosion: A regional estimation of sediment and phosphorus loads. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Iowa State University.
69. ↵
    1. Wilson, C.G.,
    2. R.A. Kuhnle,
    3. D.D. Bosch,
    4. J.L. Steiner,
    5. P. Starks,
    6. M.D. Tomer, and
    7. G.V. Wilson

    . 2008. Quantifying relative contributions from sediment sources in Conservation Effects Assessment Project watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 63(6):523-532. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.63.6.523.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
70. ↵
    1. Wolter, C.F.,
    2. K.E. Schilling, and
    3. J.A. Palmer

    . 2021. Quantifying the extent of eroding streambanks in Iowa. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 57:391-405.

    OpenUrl
71. ↵
    1. Zaimes, G.N.,
    2. R.C. Schultz, and
    3. T.M. Isenhart

    . 2004. Stream bank erosion adjacent to riparian forest buffers, row-crop fields, and continuously-grazed pastures along Bear Creek in central Iowa. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 59(1):19-27.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
72. ↵
    1. Zaimes, G.N.,
    2. R.C. Schultz, and
    3. T.M. Isenhart

    . 2006. Riparian land uses and precipitation influences on stream erosion in central Iowa. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42:83-97.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
73. ↵
    1. Zaimes, G.N.,
    2. R.C. Schultz, and
    3. T.M. Isenhart

    . 2008. Streambank soil and phosphorus losses under different riparian land-uses in Iowa. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 44:935-947.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
74. ↵
    1. Zaimes, G.N.,
    2. M. Tufekcioglu, and
    3. R.C. Schultz

    . 2019. Riparian land-use impacts on stream bank and gully erosion in agricultural watersheds: What we have learned. Water 11:1343.

    OpenUrl