Research ArticleResearch Section

Cover crops and specialty crop agriculture: Exploring cover crop use among vegetable and fruit growers in Michigan and Ohio

E.D. Schoolman and J.G. Arbuckle
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation July 2022, 77 (4) 403-417; DOI: https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2022.00006

References

  1. ↵
    1. Ahmed, S., and
    2. J.R. Stepp
    . 2016. Beyond yields: Climate change effects on specialty crop quality and agroecological management. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 4:000092. doi:10.12952/journal.elementa.000092.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  2. ↵
    1. P.V. Marsden and
    2. J.D. Wright
    1. Allison, P.D.
    2010. Missing Data. In Handbook of Survey Research, ed. P.V. Marsden and J.D. Wright, 631–57. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  3. ↵
    1. Arbuckle, J.G., and
    2. G. Roesch-McNally
    . 2015. Cover crop adoption in Iowa: The role of perceived practice characteristics. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 70(6):418–29. doi:10.2489/jswc.70.6.418.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. ↵
    1. Barbercheck, M.,
    2. K. Brasier,
    3. N.E. Kiernan,
    4. C. Sachs, and
    5. A. Trauger
    . 2014. Use of conservation practices by women farmers in the northeastern United States. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 29(1):65–82. doi:10.1017/S1742170512000348.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  5. ↵
    1. Bebber, D.P.,
    2. M.A.T. Ramotowski, and
    3. S.J. Gurr
    . 2013. Crop pests and pathogens move polewards in a warming world. Nature Climate Change 3(11):985–88. doi:10.1038/nclimate1990.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  6. ↵
    1. Bergtold, J.S.,
    2. P.A. Duffy,
    3. D. Hite, and
    4. R.L. Raper
    . 2012. Demographic and management factors affecting the adoption and perceived yield benefit of winter cover crops in the Southeast. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 44(1):99–116.
    OpenUrl
  7. ↵
    1. Blanco-Canqui, H.,
    2. T.M. Shaver,
    3. J.L. Lindquist,
    4. C.A. Shapiro,
    5. R.W. Elmore,
    6. C.A. Francis, and
    7. G.W. Hergert
    . 2015. Cover crops and ecosystem services: Insights from studies in temperate soils. Agronomy Journal 107(6):2449–74. doi:10.2134/agronj15.0086.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  8. ↵
    1. Bottemiller Evich, H.
    2019. How a closed-door meeting shows farmers are waking up on climate change. Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/09/farmers-climate-change-074024.
  9. ↵
    1. Bowen, D.J.,
    2. W.E. Barrington, and
    3. S.A.A. Beresford
    . 2015. Identifying the effects of environmental and policy change interventions on healthy eating. Annual Review of Public Health 36:289–306. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182516.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Campbell-Nelson, K.
    , ed. 2021. New England Vegetable Management Guide, 2020-2021 Edition. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Extension.
  11. ↵
    1. Carlisle, L.
    2016. Factors influencing farmer adoption of soil health practices in the United States: A narrative review. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 40(6):583–613. doi:10.1080/21683565.2016.1156596.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  12. ↵
    1. Chu, M.,
    2. S. Jagadamma,
    3. F.R. Walker,
    4. N.S. Eash,
    5. M.J. Buschermohle, and
    6. L.A. Duncan
    . 2017. Effect of multispecies cover crop mixture on soil properties and crop yield. Agricultural and Environmental Letters 2(1):1–5. doi:10.2134/ael2017.09.0030.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Clark, A.
    , ed. 2007. Managing Cover Crops Profitably, 3rd edition. College Park, MD: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education.
  14. ↵
    1. Clendenning, G.,
    2. D.R. Field, and
    3. D. Jensen
    . 2004. A survey of seasonal and permanent landowners in Wisconsin’s Northwoods: Following Dillman and then some. Society & Natural Resources 17(5):431–42. doi:10.1080/08941920490430223.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  15. ↵
    1. Coleman, P.
    2012. Guide for Organic Crop Producers. Butte, MT: National Center for Appropriate Technology (NCAT).
  16. ↵
    1. Converse, P.D.,
    2. E.W. Wolfe,
    3. X. Huang, and
    4. F.L. Oswald
    . 2008. Response rates for mixed-mode surveys using mail and e-mail/web. American Journal of Evaluation 29(1):99–107. doi:10.1177/1098214007313228.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. CTIC (Conservation Technology Information Center)
    . 2020. 2019-20 National Cover Crop Survey: Annual Report. West Lafayette, IN: Conservation Technology Information Center, the North Central Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, and the American Seed Trade Association.
  18. ↵
    1. Daryanto, S.,
    2. B. Fu,
    3. L. Wang,
    4. P.-A. Jacinthe, and
    5. W. Zhao
    . 2018. Quantitative synthesis on the ecosystem services of cover crops. Earth-Science Reviews 185:357–73. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.06.013.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  19. ↵
    1. David, M.B.,
    2. C.G. Flint,
    3. L.E. Gentry,
    4. M.K. Dolan,
    5. G.F. Czapar,
    6. R.A. Cooke, and
    7. T. Lavaire
    . 2015. Navigating the socio-bio-geo-chemistry and engineering of nitrogen management in two Illinois tile-drained watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality 44(2):368–81. doi:10.2134/jeq2014.01.0036.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  20. ↵
    1. Dillman, D.A.,
    2. J.D. Smyth, and
    3. L.M. Christian
    . 2014. Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method, 4th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
  21. ↵
    1. Dobbs, T.L., and
    2. J.N. Pretty
    . 2004. Agri-environmental stewardship schemes and ‘multifunctionality.’ Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 26(2):220–37. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9353.2004.00172.x.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  22. ↵
    1. Dunlap, R.E.,
    2. K.D. Van Liere,
    3. A.G. Mertig, and
    4. R.E. Jones
    . 2000. New trends in measuring environmental attitudes: Measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues 56(3):425–42. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00176.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  23. ↵
    1. Dunn, M.,
    2. J.D. Ulrich-Schad,
    3. L.S. Prokopy,
    4. R.L. Myers,
    5. C.R. Watts, and
    6. K. Scanlon
    . 2016. Perceptions and use of cover crops among early adopters: Findings from a national survey. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 71(1):29–40. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.71.1.29.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  24. ↵
    1. Eanes, F.R.,
    2. A.S. Singh,
    3. B.R. Bulla,
    4. P. Ranjan,
    5. L.S. Prokopy,
    6. M. Fales,
    7. B. Wickerham, and
    8. P.J. Doran
    . 2017. Midwestern US farmers perceive crop advisers as conduits of information on agricultural conservation practices. Environmental Management 60(5):974–88. doi:10.1007/s00267-017-0927-z.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  25. ↵
    1. Elliott, S.
    2020. Rediscovering cover crops and the power of ‘green manure.’ USDA: Research and Science. Washington, DC: USDA. https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2020/01/14/rediscovering-cover-crops-and-power-green-manure.
  26. ↵
    1. Everts, K.
    2016. Soil Biology: Cover Crops and Disease Suppression. Southern Cover Crops: 2016 Conference Fact Sheet. Griffin, GA: Southern Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education (SARE).
  27. ↵
    1. Feenstra, G.,
    2. C. Ingels, and
    3. D. Campbell
    . 2021. What is sustainable agriculture? Davis, CA: UC Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program. https://sarep.ucdavis.edu/sustainable-ag.
  28. ↵
    1. Fierros-González, I., and
    2. A. López-Feldman
    . 2021. Farmers’ perception of climate change: A review of the literature for Latin America. Frontiers in Environmental Science 9:672399. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.672399.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  29. ↵
    1. Finney, D.M.,
    2. J.S. Buyer, and
    3. J.P. Kaye
    . 2017. Living cover crops have immediate impacts on soil microbial community structure and function. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 72(4):361–73. doi:10.2489/jswc.72.4.361.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  30. ↵
    1. Franzluebbers, A.J.,
    2. S.W. Broome,
    3. K.L. Pritchett,
    4. M.G. Wagger,
    5. N. Lowder,
    6. S. Woodruff, and
    7. M. Lovejoy
    . 2021. Multispecies cover cropping promotes soil health in no-tillage cropping systems of North Carolina. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 76(3):263–75. doi:10.2489/jswc.2021.00087.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  31. ↵
    1. Garbach, K., and
    2. G.P. Morgan
    . 2017. Grower networks support adoption of innovations in pollination management: The roles of social learning, technical learning, and personal experience. Journal of Environmental Management 204:39–49. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.077.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  32. ↵
    1. Gaskell, M., and
    2. R. Smith
    . 2007. Nitrogen sources for organic vegetable crops. HortTechnology 17(4):431–41. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH.17.4.431.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  33. ↵
    1. Gold, M.V.
    2007. Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms. SRB 99-02. Beltsville, MD: National Agricultural Library.
  34. ↵
    1. Goldammer, T.
    2017. Organic Crop Production: Management Techniques for Organic Farming. Centreville, VA: Apex Publishers.
  35. ↵
    1. H. Kirchmann and
    2. L. Bergström
    1. Goulding, K.,
    2. E. Stockdale, and
    3. C. Watson
    . 2008. Plant nutrients in organic farming. In Organic Crop Production - Ambitions and Limitations, ed. H. Kirchmann and L. Bergström, 73–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
  36. ↵
    1. Han, G.,
    2. E.D. Schoolman,
    3. J.G. Arbuckle, and
    4. L. Wright Morton
    . 2021. Weather, values, capacity and concern: Toward a social-cognitive model of specialty crop farmers’ perceptions of climate change risk. Environment and Behavior 54(2):1–36. doi:10.1177/00139165211026607.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  37. ↵
    1. Heckman, J.
    2005. A history of organic farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard’s “War in the Soil” to USDA National Organic Program. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21(3):143–50.
    OpenUrl
  38. ↵
    1. Hoddinott, S.N., and
    2. M.J. Bass
    . 1986. The Dillman Total Design Survey Method. Canadian Family Physician 32:2366–68.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  39. ↵
    1. Holmes, A.A.,
    2. A.A. Thompson,
    3. S.T. Lovell,
    4. M.B. Villamil,
    5. A.C. Yannarell,
    6. J.O. Dawson, and
    7. S.E. Wortman
    . 2019. Nitrogen provisioned and recycled by cover crops in monoculture and mixture across two organic farms. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 115(3):441–53. doi:10.1007/s10705-019-10024-1.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  40. ↵
    1. Horrigan, L.,
    2. R.S. Lawrence, and
    3. P. Walker
    . 2002. How sustainable agriculture can address the environmental and human health harms of industrial agriculture. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(5):445–56.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  41. ↵
    1. Hunter, M.C.,
    2. M.E. Schipanski,
    3. M.H. Burgess,
    4. J.C. LaChance,
    5. B.A. Bradley,
    6. M.E. Barbercheck,
    7. J.P. Kaye, and
    8. D.A. Mortensen
    . 2019. Cover crop mixture effects on maize, soybean, and wheat yield in rotation. Agricultural & Environmental Letters 4(1):180051. doi:https://doi.org/10.2134/ael2018.10.0051.
    OpenUrl
  42. ↵
    1. Johnson, R.
    2014. Fruits, Vegetables, and Other Specialty Crops: Selected Farm Bill and Federal Programs. CRS Report. R42771. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  43. ↵
    1. Johnson, R.
    2017. Defining “Specialty Crops”: A Fact Sheet. CSR Report. R44719. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  44. ↵
    1. Johnson, R.
    2019. 2018 Farm Bill Primer: Specialty Crops and Organic Agriculture. CRS Report. IF11317. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  45. ↵
    1. Kaspar, T.C.,
    2. D.B. Jaynes,
    3. T.B. Parkin,
    4. T.B. Moorman, and
    5. J.W. Singer
    . 2012. Effectiveness of oat and rye cover crops in reducing nitrate losses in drainage water. Agricultural Water Management 110:25–33. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2012.03.010.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  46. ↵
    1. J. L. Hatfield and
    2. T.J. Sauer
    1. Kaspar, T.C., and
    2. J.W. Singer
    . 2011. The use of cover crops to manage soil. In Soil Management: Building a Stable Base for Agriculture, ed. J. L. Hatfield and T.J. Sauer, 321–37. Madison, WA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society.
  47. ↵
    1. Kistner, E.,
    2. O. Kellner,
    3. J. Andresen,
    4. D. Todey, and
    5. L. Wright Morton
    . 2018. Vulnerability of specialty crops to shortterm climatic variability and adaptation strategies in the midwestern USA. Climatic Change 146(1):145–58. doi:10.1007/s10584-017-2066-1.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  48. ↵
    1. Kladivko, E.J.,
    2. T.C. Kaspar,
    3. D.B. Jaynes,
    4. R.W. Malone,
    5. J. Singer,
    6. X.K. Morin, and
    7. T. Searchinger
    . 2014. Cover crops in the upper midwestern United States: Potential adoption and reduction of nitrate leaching in the Mississippi River basin. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 69(4):279–91. doi:10.2489/jswc.69.4.279.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  49. ↵
    1. Labe, Z.,
    2. T. Ault, and
    3. R. Zurita-Milla
    . 2017. Identifying anomalously early spring onsets in the CESM large ensemble project. Climate Dynamics 48(11):3949–66. doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3313-2.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  50. ↵
    1. Lang, K.M., and
    2. T.D. Little
    . 2018. Principled missing data treatments. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research 19(3):284–94. doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0644-5.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  51. ↵
    1. Lee, D.,
    2. J.G. Arbuckle,
    3. Z. Zhu, and
    4. L. Nowatzke
    . 2018. Conditional causal mediation analysis of factors associated with cover crop adoption in Iowa, USA. Water Resources Research 54(11):9566–84. doi:10.1029/2017WR022385.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  52. ↵
    1. Lichtenberg, E.
    2004. Cost-responsiveness of conservation practice adoption: A revealed preference approach. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 29(3):420–35.
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
  53. ↵
    1. Long, E.,
    2. Q. Ketterings, and
    3. K. Czymmek
    . 2013. Survey of cover crop use on New York dairy farms. Crop Management 12(1):CM-2013-0019-RS. https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2013-0019-RS.
  54. ↵
    1. Magdoff, F., and
    2. H. Van Es
    . 2009. Building Soils for Better Crops: Sustainable Soil Management, 3rd edition. College Park, MD: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE).
  55. ↵
    1. Malone, R.W.,
    2. D.B. Jaynes,
    3. T.C. Kaspar,
    4. K.R. Thorp,
    5. E. Kladivko,
    6. L. Ma,
    7. D.E. James,
    8. J. Singer,
    9. X.K. Morin, and
    10. T. Searchinger
    . 2014. Cover crops in the upper midwestern United States: Simulated effect on nitrate leaching with artificial drainage. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 69(4):292–305. doi:10.2489/jswc.69.4.292.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  56. ↵
    1. Mase, A.S.,
    2. N.L. Babin,
    3. L.S. Prokopy, and
    4. K.D. Genskow
    . 2015. Trust in sources of soil and water quality information: Implications for environmental outreach and education. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 51(6):1656–66. doi:10.1111/1752-1688.12349.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  57. ↵
    1. Matts, C.,
    2. D.S. Conner,
    3. C. Fisher,
    4. S. Tyler, and
    5. M.W. Hamm
    . 2016. Farmer perspectives of farm to institution in Michigan: 2012 survey results of vegetable farmers. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31(1):60–71. doi:10.1017/S1742170514000465.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  58. ↵
    1. Mauchline, A.L.,
    2. S.R. Mortimer,
    3. J.R. Park,
    4. J.A. Finn,
    5. K. Haysom,
    6. D.B. Westbury,
    7. G. Purvis,
    8. G. Louwagie,
    9. G. Northey,
    10. J. Primdahl,
    11. H. Vejre,
    12. L. Søderkvist Kristensen,
    13. K.V. Teilmann,
    14. J. Peter Vesterager,
    15. K. Knickel,
    16. N. Kasperczyk,
    17. K. Balázs,
    18. L. Podmaniczky,
    19. G. Vlahos,
    20. S. Christopoulos,
    21. L. Kröger,
    22. J. Aakkula, and
    23. A. Yli-Viikari
    . 2012. Environmental evaluation of agri-environment schemes using participatory approaches: Experiences of testing the Agri-Environmental Footprint Index. Land Use Policy 29(2):317–28. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.07.002.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  59. ↵
    1. Monast, M.,
    2. L. Sands, and
    3. A. Grafton
    . 2018. Farm Finance and Conservation: How Stewardship GeneratesValue for Farmers, Lenders, Insurers and Landowners. New York: Environmental Defense Fund.
  60. ↵
    1. Morton, L.W.,
    2. J. Hobbs,
    3. J.G. Arbuckle, and
    4. A. Loy
    . 2015. Upper midwest climate variations: Farmer responses to excess water risks. Journal of Environmental Quality 44(3):810–22. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.08.0352.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  61. ↵
    1. Morton, L.W.,
    2. J.M. McGuire, and
    3. A.D. Cast
    . 2017. A good farmer pays attention to the weather. Climate Risk Management 15:18–31. doi:10.1016/j.crm.2016.09.002.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  62. ↵
    1. Myers, R.,
    2. A. Weber, and
    3. S. Tellatin
    . 2019. Cover Crop Economics: Opportunities to Improve Your Bottom Line in Row Crops. SARE Technical Bulletin. College Park, MD: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE).
  63. ↵
    1. Nair, A.,
    2. T. Kaspar, and
    3. G. Nonnecke
    . 2015. Cover Crops in Vegetable Production Systems. HORT 3026. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Extension and Outreach.
  64. ↵
    1. Nordell, A., and
    2. E. Nordell
    . 2001. Rotational cover cropping in the small fruit orchard. Small Farmer’s Journal 25(2).
  65. ↵
    1. Prokopy, L.S.,
    2. J.S. Carlton,
    3. J.G. Arbuckle,
    4. T. Haigh,
    5. M.C. Lemos,
    6. A.S. Mase,
    7. N. Babin,
    8. M. Dunn,
    9. J. Andresen,
    10. J. Angel,
    11. C. Hart, and
    12. R. Power
    . 2015. Extension’s role in disseminating information about climate change to agricultural stakeholders in the United States. Climatic Change 130(2):261–72. doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1339-9.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  66. ↵
    1. Prokopy, L.S.,
    2. K. Floress,
    3. J.G. Arbuckle,
    4. S.P. Church,
    5. F.R. Eanes,
    6. Y. Gao,
    7. B.M. Gramig,
    8. P. Ranjan, and
    9. A.S. Singh
    . 2019. Adoption of agricultural conservation practices in the United States: Evidence from 35 years of quantitative literature. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 74(5):520–34. doi:10.2489/jswc.74.5.520.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  67. ↵
    1. Prokopy, L.S.,
    2. K. Floress,
    3. D. Klotthor-Weinkauf, and
    4. A. Baumgart-Getz
    . 2008. Determinants of agricultural best management practice adoption: Evidence from the literature. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 63(5):300–311. doi:10.2489/jswc.63.5.300.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  68. ↵
    1. Ranjan, P.,
    2. S.P. Church,
    3. K. Floress, and
    4. L.S. Prokopy
    . 2019. Synthesizing conservation motivations and barriers: What have we learned from qualitative studies of farmers’ behaviors in the United States? Society & Natural Resources 32(11):1171–99. doi:10.1080/08941920.2019.1648710.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  69. ↵
    1. Rees, J.,
    2. C. Proctor,
    3. K. Koehler-Cole, and
    4. A. Jhala
    . 2021. Cover crop termination tradeoffs. UNL Cropwatch. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2021/cover-crop-termination-tradeoffs.
  70. ↵
    1. Reganold, J.P., and
    2. J.M. Wachter
    . 2016. Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century. Nature Plants 2(2):1–8. doi:10.1038/nplants.2015.221.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Robačer, M.,
    2. S. Canali,
    3. H. Lakkenborg Kristensen,
    4. F. Bavec,
    5. S. Grobelnik Mlakar,
    6. M. Jakop, and
    7. M. Bavec
    . 2016. Cover crops in organic field vegetable production. Scientia Horticulturae 208:104–10. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.12.029.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  72. ↵
    1. Roberson, R.
    2010. Organic fertilizer options available to all. St. Charles, IL: FarmProgress. https://www.farmprogress.com/management/organic-fertilizer-options-available-all.
  73. ↵
    1. Robertson, G.P.
    2015. A sustainable agriculture? Daedalus 144(4):76–89. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00355.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  74. ↵
    1. Roesch-McNally, G.E.,
    2. J.G. Arbuckle, and
    3. J.C. Tyndall
    . 2017. What would farmers do? Adaptation intentions under a Corn Belt climate change scenario. Agriculture and Human Values 34(2):333–46. doi:10.1007/s10460-016-9719-y.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  75. ↵
    1. Roesch-McNally, G.E.,
    2. A.D. Basche,
    3. J.G. Arbuckle,
    4. J.C. Tyndall,
    5. F.E. Miguez,
    6. T. Bowman, and
    7. R. Clay
    . 2018. The trouble with cover crops: Farmers’ experiences with overcoming barriers to adoption. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33(4) :322–33. doi:10.1017/S1742170517000096.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  76. ↵
    1. Roper, T.,
    2. B. Black,
    3. T. McCammon,
    4. M. Murray, and
    5. M. Rowley
    . 2021. Orchard floor and weed management. In 2021 Intermountain Tree Fruit Production Guide. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Extension. https://intermountainfruit.org/.
  77. ↵
    1. Rudolph, R.E.,
    2. L.W. DeVetter,
    3. I.A. Zasada, and
    4. C. Hesse
    . 2020. Effects of annual and perennial alleyway cover crops on physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil quality in Pacific Northwest red raspberry. HortScience 55(3):344–52. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI14511-19.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  78. ↵
    1. Schipanski, M.E.,
    2. M. Barbercheck,
    3. M.R. Douglas,
    4. D.M. Finney,
    5. K. Haider,
    6. J.P. Kaye,
    7. A.R. Kemanian,
    8. D.A. Mortensen,
    9. M.R. Ryan,
    10. J. Tooker, and
    11. C. White
    . 2014. A framework for evaluating ecosystem services provided by cover crops in agroecosystems. Agricultural Systems 125:12–22. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2013.11.004.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Schnepf, M., and
    2. C.A. Cox
    , eds. 2006. Environmental Benefits of Conservation on Cropland: The Status of Our Knowledge. Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society.
  80. ↵
    1. Schoolman, E.D.
    2020. Specialty crops and local food markets in Michigan and Ohio. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/06EDUI.
  81. ↵
    1. Schoolman, E.D.,
    2. L.W. Morton,
    3. J.G. Arbuckle Jr.., and
    4. G. Han
    . 2021. Marketing to the foodshed: Why do farmers participate in local food systems? Journal of Rural Studies 84:240–253. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.055.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  82. ↵
    1. Shelton, R.E.,
    2. K.L. Jacobsen, and
    3. R.L. McCulley
    . 2018. Cover crops and fertilization alter nitrogen loss in organic and conventional conservation agriculture systems. Frontiers in Plant Science 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.02260.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  83. ↵
    1. Snapp, S.S.,
    2. S.M. Swinton,
    3. R. Labarta,
    4. D. Mutch,
    5. J.R. Black,
    6. R. Leep,
    7. J. Nyiraneza, and
    8. K. O’Neil
    . 2005. Evaluating cover crops for benefits, costs and performance within cropping system niches. Agronomy Journal 97(1):322–32. doi:10.2134/agronj2005.0322a.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  84. ↵
    1. Sorvali, J.,
    2. J. Kaseva, and
    3. P. Peltonen-Sainio
    . 2021. Farmer views on climate change—A longitudinal study of threats, opportunities and action. Climatic Change 164(3):50. doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03020-4.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  85. ↵
    1. Ulrich-Schad, J.D.,
    2. S. García de Jalón,
    3. N. Babin,
    4. A. Pape, and
    5. L.S. Prokopy
    . 2017. Measuring and understanding agricultural producers’ adoption of nutrient best management practices. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 72(5):506–18. doi:10.2489/jswc.72.5.506.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. USDA NASS (National Agricultural Statistics Service)
    . 2015. 2012 Census of Agriculture: Specialty Crops. Volume 2, Subject Series, Part 8. AC-12-S-8. Washington, DC: USDA.
  87. ↵
    1. USDA NASS
    . 2019a. 2017 Census of Agriculture. Washington, DC: USDA.
    1. USDA NASS
    . 2019b. 2017 Census of Agriculture: Specialty Crops. Volume 2, Subject Series, Part 8. AC-17-S-8. Washington, DC: USDA.
  89. ↵
    1. USDA NASS
    . 2019c. 2017 Census of Agriculture: United States Summary and State Data. Volume 1, Geographic Area Series, Part 51. AC-17-A-51. Washington, DC: USDA.
  90. ↵
    1. Veldstra, M.D.,
    2. C.E. Alexander, and
    3. M.I. Marshall
    . 2014. To certify or not to certify? Separating the organic production and certification decisions. Food Policy 49:429–36. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.05.010.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  91. ↵
    1. Wallander, S.,
    2. D. Smith,
    3. M. Bowman, and
    4. R. Claassen
    . 2021. Cover Crop Trends, Programs, and Practices in the United States. EIB 222. Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service.
  92. ↵
    1. Watrous, M.
    2021. Organic food sales hit record high in 2020. Food Business News. Kansas City, MO: Sosland Publishing.
  93. ↵
    1. White, I.R.,
    2. P. Royston, and
    3. A. Wood
    . 2011. Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Statistics in Medicine 30:377–99.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  94. ↵
    1. Wiman, M.R.,
    2. E.M. Kirby,
    3. D.M. Granatstein, and
    4. T.P. Sullivan
    . 2009. Cover crops influence meadow vole presence in organic orchards. HortTechnology 19(3):558–62. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.19.3.558.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  95. ↵
    1. Wittwer, R.A., and
    2. M.G.A. van der Heijden
    . 2020. Cover crops as a tool to reduce reliance on intensive tillage and nitrogen fertilization in conventional arable cropping systems. Field Crops Research 249:107736. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107736.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  96. ↵
    1. Youngberg, G., and
    2. S.P. DeMuth
    . 2013. Organic agriculture in the United States: A 30-year retrospective. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28(4):294–328. doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/10.1017/S1742170513000173.
    OpenUrl
  97. ↵
    1. Zahran, S.,
    2. S.D. Brody,
    3. H. Grover, and
    4. A. Vedlitz
    . 2006. Climate change vulnerability and policy support. Society & Natural Resources 19(9):771–89. doi:10.1080/08941920600835528.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  98. ↵
    1. Zhong, H.,
    2. P. Qing, and
    3. W. Hu
    . 2016. Farmers’ willingness to participate in best management practices in Kentucky. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 59(6):1015–39. doi:10.1080/09640568.2015.1052379.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools
Request Permissions
Cover crops and specialty crop agriculture: Exploring cover crop use among vegetable and fruit growers in Michigan and Ohio
E.D. Schoolman, J.G. Arbuckle
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Jul 2022, 77 (4) 403-417; DOI: 10.2489/jswc.2022.00006
Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo

Jump to section

Keywords