Estimating landowners’ willingness to accept payments for nature-based solutions in eastern North Carolina for flood hazard mitigation using the contingent valuation method

References

1. ↵
   1. AECOM

   . 2021. Nature-Based Solutions for Resilience and Sustainability. Dallas, TX: AECOM. https://aecom.com/blog/nature-based-solutions-for-resilience-and-sustainability/.
2. ↵
   1. Ajzen, I.,
   2. T. Brown, and
   3. F. Carvajal

   . 2004. Explaining the discrepancy between intentions and actions: The case of hypothetical bias in contingent valuation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30(9). Doi:10.1177/0146167204264079.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. ↵
   1. Baldwin, M.,
   2. A. Fox,
   3. T. Klondike,
   4. M. Hovis,
   5. T. Shear,
   6. L. Joca,
   7. M. Hester, and
   8. F. Cubbage

   . 2022. Geospatial analysis and land suitability for “FloodWise” practices: Nature-based solutions for flood mitigation in eastern, rural North Carolina. Land 11:1504. doi.org/10.3390/land11091504.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Barnes, G.

   2019. Robeson County residents still reeling from two prior hurricanes. NC Health News. https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2019/09/06/robeson-county-residents-still-reeling-from-two-prior-hurricanes/.
5. ↵
   1. Bateman, I.J.,
   2. R.T. Carson,
   3. B. Day,
   4. M. Hanemann,
   5. N. Hanley,
   6. T. Hett,
   7. M. Jones-Lee,
   8. G. Loomes,
   9. S. Mourato,
   10. E. Ozdemiroglu,
   11. D.W. Pearce,
   12. R. Sugden, and
   13. J. Swanson

   . 2002. Economic valuation with stated preference surveys: A manual. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
6. ↵
   1. Blaine, T.W.,
   2. F.R. Lichtkoppler,
   3. K.R. Jones, and
   4. R.H. Zondag

   . 2005. An assessment of household willingness to pay for curbside recycling: A comparison of payment card and referendum approaches. Journal of Environmental Management 76(1):15–22.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
7. ↵
   1. Börger, T.

   2012. Social Desirability and Environmental Valuation (NED-New edition). Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang AG. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9hj9w7.
8. ↵
   1. P.A. Champ,
   2. K.J. Boyle, and
   3. T.C. Brown

   1. Boyle, K.J.

   2003. Contingent valuation in practice. In A Primer on Non-Market Valuation, ed. P.A. Champ, K.J. Boyle, and T.C. Brown, 111–169. New York: Springer.
9. ↵
   1. Brouwer, R., and
   2. M. Schaafsma

   . 2013. Modelling risk adaptation and mitigation behaviour under different climate change scenarios. Climate Change 117:11–29.

   OpenUrl
10. ↵
    1. Bubeck, P.,
    2. W.J.W. Botzen,
    3. J. Laudan,
    4. J.C.J.H. Aerts, and
    5. A.H. Thieken

    . 2017. Insights into flood-coping appraisals of protection motivation theory: Empirical evidence from Germany and France. Risk Analysis 38(6):1239-1257. doi:10.1111/risa.12938.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
11. ↵
    1. Burby, R.J.

    (ed.). 1998. Cooperating with nature: Confronting natural hazards with land use planning for sustainable communities. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry/National Academy Press.
12. ↵
    1. Burby, R.J.,
    2. T. Beatley,
    3. P.R. Berke,
    4. R.E. Deyle,
    5. S.P. French,
    6. D.R. Godschalk,
    7. E.R. Kaiser,
    8. J.D. Kartez,
    9. P.J. May,
    10. R. Olshansky,
    11. R.G. Paterson, and
    12. R.H. Platt

    . 1999. Unleashing the power of planning to create disaster-resistant communities. Journal of the American Planning Association 65(3):247-258. doi:10.1080/01944369908976055.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
13. ↵
    1. Campbell Institute

    . 2014. Risk Perception: Theories, Strategies, and Next Steps. Itasca, IL: Campbell Institute. https://www.thecampbellinstitute.org/.
14. ↵
    1. M.A. Stewart,
    2. P.A. Coclanis

    1. Chandara, P.,
    2. D. Sophat, and
    3. A.H. Claassen

    . 2019. Using the Contingent Valuation Method to assess communities’ willingness to accept compensation for waterbird nest protection in the 3S rivers, Cambodia. In Water and Power, ed. M.A. Stewart, P.A. Coclanis (eds.), 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90400-9_11.
15. ↵
    1. Chausson, A.,
    2. B. Turner,
    3. D. Seddon,
    4. N. Chabaneix,
    5. C. Girardin,
    6. V. Kapos,
    7. I. Key,
    8. A. Roe,
    9. A. Smith,
    10. S. Woroniecki, and
    11. N. Seddon

    . 2020. Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation. Global Change Biology 26:6134-6155. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15310.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Chizmar, S.,
    2. R. Parajuli,
    3. R. Bardon, and
    4. F. Cubbage

    . 2021. State cost-share programs for forest landowners in the southern United States: A review. Journal of Forestry 1(19):177–195. doi:10.1093/jofore/fvaa054.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
17. ↵
    1. Clar, C.

    2019. How demographic developments determine the management of hydrometeorological hazard risks in rural communities: The linkages between demographic and natural hazards research. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Water 6(6):e1378. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1378.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Collentine, D., and
    2. M.N. Futter

    . 2018. Realizing the potential of natural water measures in catchment flood management: Trade-offs and matching interests. Journal of Flood Risk Management 11(1). doi:10.1111/jfr3.12269.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
19. ↵
    1. Costanza, R.,
    2. R. d’Arge,
    3. R. de Groot,
    4. S. Farber,
    5. M. Grasso,
    6. B. Hannon,
    7. K. Limburg,
    8. S. Naeem,
    9. R.V. O’Neill,
    10. J. Paruelo,
    11. R.G. Raskin,
    12. P. Sutton, and
    13. M. van den Belt

    . 1997. Value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. ↵
    1. Cross, J.E.,
    2. C.M. Keske,
    3. M.G. Lacy,
    4. D.L. Hoag, and
    5. C.T. Bastian

    . 2011. Adoption of conservation easements among agricultural landowners in Colorado and Wyoming: The role of economic dependence and sense of place. Landscape and Urban Planning 101(1):75–83.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
21. ↵
    1. Cubbage, F.,
    2. A. Snider,
    3. K. Abt, and
    4. R. Moulton

    . 2003. Private forests: Management and policy in a market economy. In Forests in a Market Economy, 23-38. Berlin: Springer.
22. ↵
    1. Cutter, S.L.,
    2. B.B. Boruff, and
    3. W.L. Shirley

    . 2003. Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly 84(2):242-261.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
23. ↵
    1. Cutter, S.L.,
    2. J.T. Mitchell, and
    3. M.S. Scott

    . 2000. Revealing the vulnerability of people and places: A case study of Georgetown County, South Carolina. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90(4):713–37.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
24. ↵
    1. Dang, N.A.,
    2. R. Benavidez,
    3. S.A. Tomscha,
    4. H. Nguyen,
    5. D.D. Tran,
    6. D.T.H. Nguyen,
    7. H.H. Loc, and
    8. B.M. Jackson

    . 2021. Ecosystem service modelling to support nature-based flood water management in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta. Sustainability 13(24):13549. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413549.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. de Vries, D.H., and
    2. J.C. Frasier

    . 2012. Citizenship rights and voluntary decision making in post-disaster US floodplain buyout mitigation programs. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 30(1):1–33.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    1. Dillman, D.E.

    1978. Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
27. ↵
    1. Dillman, D.A.,
    2. J.D. Smyth, and
    3. L.M. Christian

    . 2014. Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method. John Wiley and Sons.
28. ↵
    1. Dillman, D.A.,
    2. J.D. Smyth, and
    3. L. Melani

    . 2011. Internet, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method. Toronto: Wiley and Sons.
29. ↵
    1. Drichoutis, A.,
    2. J.L. Lusk, and
    3. V. Pappa

    . 2016. Elicitation formats and the WTA/WTP gap: A study of climate neutral foods. Food Policy 61:141–155.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)

    . 2020a. Hazard Mitigation Assistance Division: 2019 Year in Review. Washington, DC: FEMA. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/fema_hma-year-in-review-support-document_June2020.pdf.
31. ↵
    1. FEMA

    . 2020b. Summary of Stakeholder Feedback: Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC). Washington, DC: FEMA. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/fema_bric-summary-of-stakeholder-feedback-report.pdf.
32. ↵
    1. FEMA

    . 2022. Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grants. Washington, DC: FEMA. https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation.
33. ↵
    1. Fisher, B.,
    2. K. Kulindwa,
    3. I. Mwanyoka,
    4. R.K. Turner, and
    5. N.D. Burgess

    . 2010. Common pool resource management and PES: Lessons and constraints for water PES in Tanzania. Ecological Economics 69:1253–1261.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
34. ↵
    1. Flora, C.B., and
    2. J.L. Flora

    . 1992. Rural Communities, Legacy and Change. Boulder, CO: Westview.
35. ↵
    1. Floyd, D.L.,
    2. S. Prentice-Dunn, and
    3. R.W. Rogers

    . 2006. A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30(2):407-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.x.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. Garson, G.D.

    2016. Logistic Regression: Binary and Multinomial. Statistical Associates Publishing. eBook.
37. ↵
    1. Gerlak, A.K.,
    2. A. Elder,
    3. A. Sanderford,
    4. A.A. Zuniga-Teran, and
    5. M. Pavao-Zuckerman

    . 2021. Agency and governance in green infrastructure policy adoption and change. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 23(5):599-615.

    OpenUrl
38. ↵
    1. Ghanie, N.,
    2. D. Marikan, and
    3. N. Bakar

    . 2020. Willingness to accept of adopting sustainable terubok fisheries in Sarawak by using contingent valuation method. International Journal of Business and Society 21(3):1322-1332.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Glasgow, N.

    2000. Rural/urban patterns of aging and caregiving in the United States. Journal of Family Issues 21(5):559–86.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
40. ↵
    1. Glavovic, B.C., and
    2. G.P. Smith

    . 2014. Adapting to Climate Change: Lessons from Natural Hazards Planning. Dortrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
41. ↵
    1. Godschalk, D.

    2003. Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review. 4(3):136.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
42. ↵
    1. Goldar, B., and
    2. S. Misra

    . 2001. Valuation of environmental goods: Correcting for bias in contingent valuation studies based on willingness-to-accept. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83(1):150-156.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
43. ↵
    1. Grothmann, T., and
    2. A. Patt

    . 2005. Adaptive capacity and human cognition: The process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change 15:199–213.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
44. ↵
    1. Gutierrez-Castillo, A.,
    2. J. Penn,
    3. S. Tanger, and
    4. M.A. Blazier

    . 2022. Conservation easement landowners’ willingness to accept for forest thinning and the impact of information. Forest Policy and Economics 135:102627.

    OpenUrl
45. ↵
    1. Hanemann, W.M.

    1991. Willingness to pay and willingness to accept: How much can they differ? American Economic Review 81:635–47.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
46. ↵
    1. Hobbie, S.E., and
    2. N.B. Grimm

    . 2020. Nature-based approaches to managing climate change impacts in cities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375(1794). doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0124.
47. ↵
    1. G.L. Peterson,
    2. B.L. Driver, and
    3. R. Gregory

    1. Hoehn, J.P., and
    2. C.S. Swanson

    . 1988. Toward a satisfactory model of contingent valuation behavior in a policy valuation context. In Amenity Resource Valuation: Integrating Economic with Other Disciplines, ed. G.L. Peterson, B.L. Driver, and R. Gregory, 149-158. State College, PA: Venture.
48. ↵
    1. Horney, J.,
    2. M. Nguyen,
    3. D. Salvesen,
    4. C. Dwyer,
    5. J. Cooper, and
    6. P. Berke

    . 2016. Assessing the quality of rural hazard mitigation plans in the southeastern United States. Journal of Planning Education and Research 37(1):56–65.

    OpenUrl
49. ↵
    1. Hovis, M.,
    2. F. Cubbage,
    3. J.C. Hollinger,
    4. T. Shear,
    5. B. Doll,
    6. J.J. Kurki-Fox,
    7. D. Line,
    8. M. Lovejoy,
    9. B. Evans, and
    10. T. Potter

    . 2022. Determining the costs, revenues, and cost-share payments for the “FloodWise” program: Nature-based solutions to mitigate flooding in eastern, rural North Carolina. Nature-Based Solutions 2:100016.

    OpenUrl
50. ↵
    1. Hovis, M.,
    2. J.C. Hollinger,
    3. F. Cubbage,
    4. T. Shear,
    5. B. Doll,
    6. J.J. Kurki-Fox,
    7. D. Line,
    8. A. Fox,
    9. M. Baldwin,
    10. T. Klondike,
    11. M. Lovejoy,
    12. B. Evans,
    13. J. West, and
    14. T. Potter

    . 2021. Natural infrastructure practices as potential flood storage and reduction for farms and rural communities in the North Carolina Coastal Plain. Sustainability 13:9309. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169309.

    OpenUrl
51. ↵
    1. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

    . 2022. Nature-Based Solutions. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. https://www.iucn.org/theme/nature-based-solutions.
52. ↵
    1. Jackman, A., and
    2. M. Beruvides

    . 2013. How much do hazard mitigation plans cost? An analysis of federal grant data. Journal of Emergency Management (Weston, Mass.) 11(4):271-279.

    OpenUrl
53. ↵
    1. Jacobs, R.

    2018. NC Ag Losses From Florence Will Be Big. Chapel Hill, NC: WUNC Public Radio. https://www.wunc.org/business-economy/2018-09-19/nc-ag-losses-from-florence-will-be-big.
54. ↵
    1. Jacobson, M.G.,
    2. J.L. Greene,
    3. T.J. Straka,
    4. S.E. Daniels, and
    5. M.A. Kilgore

    . 2009. Influence and effectiveness of financial incentive programs in promoting sustainable forestry in the south. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 33(1):35–41.

    OpenUrl
55. ↵
    1. Jayalath, T.,
    2. R. Grala,
    3. S. Grado, and
    4. D. Evans

    . 2021. Increasing provision of ecosystem services through participation in a conservation program. Ecosystem Services 50:101303.

    OpenUrl
56. ↵
    1. Jiang, W.,
    2. K.Y. Zipp, and
    3. M. Jacobson

    . 2018. Economic assessment of landowners’ willingness to supply energy crops on marginal lands in the northeastern of the United States. Biomass and Bioenergy 113:22–30.

    OpenUrl
57. ↵
    1. Jones, H.P.,
    2. D.G. Hole, and
    3. E.S. Zavaleta

    . 2012. Harnessing nature to help people adapt to climate change. Nature Climate Change 2:504–509. doi:10.1038/nclimate1463.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
58. ↵
    1. Joshi, O., and
    2. S.R. Mehmood

    . 2011. Factors affecting nonindustrial private forest landowners’ willingness to supply woody biomass for bioenergy. Biomass Bioenergy 35:186–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.08.016.

    OpenUrl
59. ↵
    1. Jurjonas, M., and
    2. E. Seekamp

    . 2018. Rural coastal community resilience: Assessing a framework in eastern North Carolina. Ocean and Coastal Management 162:137-150.

    OpenUrl
60. ↵
    1. Kabii, T., and
    2. P. Horwitz

    . 2006. A review of landholder motivations and determinants for participation in conservation covenanting programmes. Environmental Conservation 33(1):11–20.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
61. ↵
    1. Kang, M.,
    2. J. Siry,
    3. G. Colson, and
    4. S. Ferreia

    . 2019. Do forest property characteristics reveal landowners’ willingness to accept payments for ecosystem services contracts in southeast Georgia, US? Ecological Economics 161:144-152.

    OpenUrl
62. ↵
    1. Kerr, G.N.

    2001. Contingent Valuation Elicitation Effects: Revisiting the Payment Card. 2001 Conference (45th), January 23-25, 2001, Adelaide, Australia, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
63. ↵
    1. Kreye, M.,
    2. E. Pienaar,
    3. J. Soto, and
    4. D. Adams

    . 2017. Creating voluntary payment programs: Effective program design and ranchers’ willingness to conserve Florida panther habitat. Land Economics 93(3):459-480.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
64. ↵
    1. Kreye, M.M.,
    2. D.C. Adams, and
    3. H.K. Ober

    . 2018. Protecting imperiled wildlife species on private lands: Forest owner values and response to government interventions. Ecological Economics 149:254–64.

    OpenUrl
65. ↵
    1. Lachapelle, P.R.,
    2. S.F. McCool, and
    3. M.E. Patterson

    . 2003. Barriers to effective natural resource planning in a “messy” world. Society and Natural Resources 16:473-490.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
66. ↵
    1. Lawson, D.,
    2. K. Stevenson,
    3. M.N. Peterson,
    4. S. Carrier,
    5. E. Seekamp, and
    6. R. Strnad

    . 2019. Evaluating climate change behaviors and concern in the family context. Environmental Education Research 25(5):678-690. doi :10.1080/13504622.2018.1564248.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
67. ↵
    1. Lindhjem, H., and
    2. Y. Mitani

    . 2012. Forest owners’ willingness to accept compensation for voluntary conservation: A contingent valuation approach. Journal of Forest Economics 18(4):290–302.

    OpenUrl
68. ↵
    1. Lupek, M.

    2014. Exploring how institutional structure, capital assets, and motivations influence landowner participation in conservation incentive programs: A mixed methods approach. PhD dissertation, Auburn University.
69. ↵
    1. Luu, T.A.,
    2. A.T. Nguyen,
    3. Q.A. Trinh,
    4. V.T. Pham,
    5. B.B. Le,
    6. D.T. Nguyen,
    7. Q.N. Hoang,
    8. H.T.T. Pham,
    9. T.K. Nguyen,
    10. V.N. Luu, and
    11. L. Hens

    . 2019. Farmers’ intention to climate change adaptation in agriculture in the Red River Delta Biosphere Reserve (Vietnam): A combination of structural equation modeling (SEM) and protection motivation theory (PMT). Sustainability 11(10):2993. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102993.

    OpenUrl
70. ↵
    1. Ma, S.,
    2. S.M. Swinton,
    3. F. Lupi, and
    4. C. Jolejole-Foreman

    . 2012. Farmers’ willingness to participate in payment-for-environmental-services programmes. Journal of Agricultural Economics 63:604–626.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
71. ↵
    1. Markowski-Lindsay, M.,
    2. T. Stevens,
    3. D.B. Kittredge,
    4. B.J. Butler,
    5. P. Catanzaro, and
    6. B.J. Dickinson

    . 2011. Barriers to Massachusetts forest landowner participation in carbon markets. Ecological Economics 71:180–190.

    OpenUrl
72. ↵
    1. Mazzocchi, J.

    2006. Robeson County. NCPedia. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. https://www.ncpedia.org/geography/robeson.
73. ↵
    1. McKillop, W.

    1993. Economics of forest practice regulation in California. In Policy and Forestry: Design, Evaluation, and Spillovers: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Southern Forest Economics Workshop. Durham, North Carolina, April 21-23, 1993.
74. ↵
    1. Mileti, D.S., and
    2. J.L. Gailus

    . 2005. Sustainable development and hazards mitigation in the United States: Disasters by design revisited. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 10(3):491-504. doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-0057-4.

    OpenUrl
75. ↵
    1. Mitchell, R.C., and
    2. R.T. Carson

    . 1989. Using surveys to value public goods: The contingent valuation method. London: Routledge.
76. 1. NC DOA (North Carolina Department of Administration)

    . 2020. City of New Bern–Hazard Mitigation and Flood Mitigation Assistance Project Hurricane Florence–New Bern, NC. Raleigh, NC: NC DOA. https://ncadmin.nc.gov/news/events-calendar/2020/03/06/city-new-bern-hazard-mitigation-and-flood-mitigation-assistance.
77. ↵
    1. Nicholson, A.,
    2. G. O’Donnell, and
    3. M. Wilkinson

    . 2020. The potential of runoff attenuation features as a natural flood management approach. Journal of Flood Risk Management 13(S1):e12565. doi:10.1111/jfr3.12565.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
78. ↵
    1. Nyongesa, J.M.,
    2. H.K. Bett,
    3. J.K. Lagat, and
    4. O.I. Ayuya

    . 2016. Estimating farmers’ stated willingness to accept pay for ecosystem services: Case of Lake Naivasha watershed Payment for ecosystem services scheme-Kenya. Ecological Processes 5(15). Doi:10.1186/s13717-016-0059-z.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
79. ↵
    1. Pattanayak, S.,
    2. D.E. Mercer,
    3. E. Sills, and
    4. J.C. Yang

    . 2003. Taking stock of agroforestry adoption studies. Agroforestry Systems 57:173-186.

    OpenUrl
80. ↵
    1. Pearce, L.

    2000. Hazards disasters, and U.S. emergency management: An introduction. PhD dissertation, The University of British Columbia.
81. ↵
    1. Pearce, D., and
    2. E. Ozdemiroglu

    2002. Economic evaluation with stated preference techniques: A summary guide. London: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions.
82. ↵
    1. Peduzzi, P.

    2019. The disaster risk, global change, and sustainability nexus. Sustainability 11(4):957. https://doi-org.prox.lib.ncsu.edu/10.3390/su11040957.

    OpenUrl
83. ↵
    1. Rabotyagov, S.S., and
    2. S. Lin

    . 2013. Small forest landowner preferences for working forest conservation contract attributes: A case of Washington State, USA. Journal of Forest Economics 19:307-330.

    OpenUrl
84. ↵
    1. Ready, R.C.,
    2. S. Navrud, and
    3. W.R. Dubourg

    . 2001. How do respondents with uncertain willingness to pay answer contingent valuation questions. Land Economics 77(3):315-326.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
85. ↵
    1. Ready NC

    . 2022. Hurricanes. North Carolina Hazards. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Emergency Management. https://www.readync.gov/stay-informed/north-carolina-hazards/hurricanes.
86. ↵
    1. Reaves, D.W.,
    2. R.A. Kramer, and
    3. T.P. Holmes

    . 1999. Does question format matter? Valuing an endangered species. Environmental and Resource Economics 14(3):365–383.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
87. ↵
    1. Rippetoe, P.A., and
    2. R.W. Rogers

    . 1987. Effects of components of protection motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52:596–604.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
88. ↵
    1. Rogers, R.W.

    1975. A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology 91(1):93–114.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
89. ↵
    1. B.L. Cacioppo, and
    2. L.L. Petty

    1. Rogers, R.W.

    1983. Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In Social Psychophysiology: A Sourcebook, ed. B.L. Cacioppo, and L.L. Petty, 153-176. London, UK: Guilford.
90. ↵
    1. D.S. Gochman

    1. Rogers, R.W., and
    2. S. Prentice-Dunn

    . 1997. Protection motivation theory. In Handbook of Health Behaviour Research. I: Personal and Social Determinants, ed. D.S. Gochman, 113-132. New York: Plenum Press.
91. ↵
    1. Royer, J.P., and
    2. R.J. Moulton

    . 1987. Reforestation incentives-tax incentives and cost sharing in the South. Journal of Forestry 85:45-47.

    OpenUrl
92. ↵
    1. Sadri, A.M.,
    2. S.V. Ukkusuri,
    3. S. Lee,
    4. R. Clawson,
    5. D. Aldrich,
    6. M.S. Nelson,
    7. J. Seipel, and
    8. D. Kelly

    . 2018. The role of social capital, personal networks, and emergency responders in post-disaster recovery and resilience: A study of rural communities in Indiana. Natural Hazards (Dordrecht) 90(3):1377-1406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-3103-0.

    OpenUrl
93. ↵
    1. Saenz, R., and
    2. W.G. Peacock

    . 2006. Rural people, rural places: The hidden costs of Hurricane Katrina. Rural Realities 1(2):1–11.

    OpenUrl
94. ↵
    1. Scharer, J.

    2001. How does the east compare to the rest of North Carolina? North Carolina Insight. https://nccppr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/How_Does_the_East_Compare_to_the_Rest_of_NC.pdf.
95. ↵
    1. Shogren, J.F., and
    2. D.J. Hayes

    . 1997. Resolving differences in willingness to pay and willingness to accept: Reply. The American Economic Review 87(1):241–244. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2950867.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
96. ↵
    1. Smith, G.,
    2. W. Lyles, and
    3. P. Berke

    . 2013. The role of the state in building local capacity and commitment for hazard mitigation planning. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 31(2):178-203.

    OpenUrl
97. ↵
    1. Soto, J.,
    2. D. Adams, and
    3. F.J. Escobedo

    . 2016. Landowner attitudes and willingness to accept compensation from forest carbon offsets: Application of best–worst choice modeling in Florida USA. Forest Policy and Economics 63:35–42.

    OpenUrl
98. ↵
    1. South Florida Water Management District

    . 2018. Water Farming Pilot Projects Final Report: An Evaluation of Water Farming as a Means for Providing Water Storage/Retention and Improving Water Quality in the Indian River Lagoon/Saint Lucie River Watershed. West Palm Beach, FL: SFWMD.
99. ↵
    1. Staddon, C.,
    2. S. Ward,
    3. L. De Vito,
    4. A. Zuniga-Teran,
    5. A. Gerlak,
    6. Y. Schoeman,
    7. A. Hart, and
    8. G. Booth

    . 2018. Contributions of green infrastructure to enhancing urban resilience. Environment, Systems and Decisions 38:330-338.

    OpenUrl
100. ↵
     1. Stevenson, K.T., and
     2. N. Peterson

     . 2015. Motivating action through fostering climate change hope and concern and avoiding despair among adolescents. Sustainability 8(1):1-10.

     OpenUrl
101. ↵
     1. Stevenson, K.T.,
     2. N. Peterson,
     3. H.D. Bondell,
     4. S.E. Moore, and
     5. S.J. Carrier

     . 2014. Overcoming skepticism with education: Interacting influences of worldview and climate change knowledge on perceived climate change risk among adolescents. Climatic Change 126(3):293-304.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
102. ↵
     1. Strickland, C.

     2018. Disaster Relief for Farmers. Lumberton NC: NC Cooperative Extension. https://robeson.ces.ncsu.edu/2018/11/disaster-relief-for-farmers/.
103. ↵
     1. The Nature Conservancy

     . 2021. Investing in Nature-Based Solutions. Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy. https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/missouri/stories-in-missouri/nature-based-solutions/.
104. ↵
     1. A. Javier Trevino

     1. Tierney, K.

     2018. Disaster as a Social Problem and Social Construct. In The Cambridge Handbook of Social Problems, Volume 2, ed. A. Javier Trevino, 79-94. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

     OpenUrl
105. ↵
     1. Truelove, H.B.,
     2. A.R. Carrico, and
     3. L. Thabrew

     . 2015. A socio-psychological model for analyzing climate change adaptation: A case study of Sri Lankan paddy farmers. Global Environmental Change 31:85–97. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.12.010.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
106. ↵
     1. Turkelboom, F.,
     2. R. Demeyer,
     3. L. Vranken,
     4. P. Becker,
     5. F. Raymaekers, and
     6. L.D. Smet

     . 2021. How does a nature-based solution for flood control compare to a technical solution? Case study evidence from Belgium. Ambio 50:1431–1445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01548-4.

     OpenUrl
107. ↵
     1. USACE (US Army Corps of Engineers)

     . 2021. What is Engineering with Nature? Washington, DC: USACE. https://ewn.erdc.dren.mil/index.html/.
108. ↵
     1. US Census Bureau

     . 2019. Robeson County North Carolina. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/robesoncountynorthcarolina,NC/PST045219.
109. ↵
     1. US Census Bureau

     . 2020. Estimate of Median Household Income for Robeson County. Retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MHINC37155A052NCEN.
110. ↵
     1. USDA NASS (National Agricultural Statistics Service)

     . 2017. Census of Agriculture—North Carolina County Level Data. Washington, DC: USDA NASS. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_2_County_Level/North_Carolina/.
111. ↵
     1. Venkatachalam, L.

     2004. The contingent valuation method: A review. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 24:89-124.

     OpenUrlCrossRef
112. ↵
     1. Villanueva, A.,
     2. K. Glenk, and
     3. M. Rodriguez-Entrena

     . 2017. Protest responses and willingness to accept: Ecosystem services providers’ preferences towards incentive-based schemes. Journal of Agricultural Economics 68(3):801-821.

     OpenUrl
113. ↵
     1. Wang, X.,
     2. Y. Zhang,
     3. Z. Huang,
     4. M. Hong,
     5. X. Chen,
     6. S. Wang,
     7. Q. Feng, and
     8. X. Meng

     . 2016. Assessing willingness to accept compensation for polluted farmlands: A contingent valuation method case study in northwest China. Environmental Earth Sciences 75:179.

     OpenUrl
114. ↵
     1. Wei, X.,
     2. Z. Guan, and
     3. H. Zhu

     . 2016. Farmer’s willingness to participate in wetland restoration: A hurdle model approach. Agricultural Economics 47:719-727.

     OpenUrl
115. ↵
     1. White, G.

     1974. Natural Hazards. New York: Oxford University Press.
116. ↵
     1. Wildavasky, A. and
     2. K. Dake

     . 1990. Theories of risk perception: Who fears what and why? Daedalus 119(4):41-60.

     OpenUrl
117. ↵
     1. Willets, S.

     2016. Report: Poverty Entrenched. Lumberton, NC: The Robesonian. https://www.robesonian.com/news/86584/report-poverty-entrenched.
118. ↵
     1. Wolde, B.,
     2. P. Lal,
     3. J. Gan,
     4. J. Alavalapati,
     5. E. Taylor, and
     6. P. Burli

     . 2016. Determinants of enrollment in public incentive programs for forest management and their effect on future programs for woody bioenergy: Evidence from Virginia and Texas. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46(6):775–782.

     OpenUrl
119. ↵
     1. Zhao, J.,
     2. Q. Liu,
     3. L. Lin,
     4. H. Lv, and
     5. Y. Wang

     . 2013. Assessing the comprehensive restoration of an urban river: An integrated application of contingent valuation in Shanghai, China. Science of the Total Environment 458–460:517–526.

     OpenUrl
120. ↵
     1. Zuniga-Teran, A.A.,
     2. A.K. Gerlak,
     3. A. Elder, and
     4. A. Tam

     . 2021. The unjust distribution of urban green infrastructure is just the tip of the iceberg: A systematic review of place-based studies. Environmental Science and Policy 126:234-245.

     OpenUrl
121. ↵
     1. Zuniga-Teran, A.A.,
     2. C. Staddon,
     3. L. De Vito,
     4. A.K. Gerlak,
     5. S. Ward,
     6. Y. Schoeman,
     7. A. Hart, and
     8. G. Booth

     . 2019. Challenges for mainstreaming green infrastructure in built environment professions. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 63(4):710-732.

     OpenUrl