Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Midwestern US Farmers Perceive Crop Advisers as Conduits of Information on Agricultural Conservation Practices

  • Published:
Environmental Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural land uses continues to pose one of the most significant threats to water quality in the US, with measurable impacts across local, regional, and national scales. The impact and the influence of targeted conservation efforts are directly related to the degree to which farmers are familiar with and trust the entities providing the information and/or outreach. Recent research suggests that farmers consistently rank independent and retail-affiliated crop advisers as among the most trusted and influential sources for agronomic information, but little is understood about whether farmers are willing to receive advice from crop advisers on the use of practices that conserve soil and water, and, if so, whether crop advisers will be perceived as influential. We present survey data from farmers (n = 1461) in Michigan’s Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) watershed to explore these questions. Results suggest that farmers view crop advisers as trustworthy sources of information about conservation, and influential on management practices that have large conservation implications. We discuss these results, along with perceived barriers and opportunities to crop advisers partnering with traditional conservation agencies to enhance the impact of voluntary conservation programs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allan JD, McIntyre PB, Smith SDP, Halpern BS, Boyer GL, Buchsbaum A, Burton Jr. GA, Campbell LM, Chadderton WL, Ciborowski JJH, Doran PJ, Eder T, Infante DM, Johnson LB, Joseph CA, Marino AL, Prusevich A, Read J, Rose JB, Rutherford ES, Sowa SP, Steinman AD (2013) Joint analysis of stressors and ecosystems services to enhance restoration effectiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(1):372–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgart-Getz A, Prokopy LS, Floress K (2012) Why farmers adopt best management practice in the United States: a meta-analysis of the adoption literature. J Environ Manage 96(1):17–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benartzi S, & Thaler RH (1995) Myopic loss aversion and the equity premium puzzle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(1):73–92

  • Blackstock KL (2007) Negotiating change: the importance of knowledge networks in mitigating diffuse pollution. Paper presented at the CAIWA conference, Basel, Switzerland.

  • Blackstock KL, Ingram J, Burton R, Brown KM, Slee B (2010) Understanding and influencing behaviour change by farmers to improve water quality. Sci Total Environ 408(23):5631–5638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buttel FH (2001) Some reflections on late twentieth century agrarian political economy. Sociol Rural 41(2):165–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr A, Wilkinson R (2005) Beyond participation: boundary organizations as a new space for farmers and scientists to interact. Soc Nat Resour 18(3):255–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chantre E, Cardona A (2014) Trajectories of French field crop farmers moving toward sustainable farming practices: change, learning, and links with the advisery services. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 38(5):573–602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chite RM (2014) The 2014 Farm bill (PL 113-79): summary and side-by-side. CRS Report 43076

  • Chouinard HH, Paterson T, Wandschneider PR, Ohler AM (2008) Will farmers trade profits for stewardship? Heterogeneous motivations for farm practice selection. Land Econ 84(1):66–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerf M, Guillot MN, Olry P (2011) Acting as a change agent in supporting sustainable agriculture: how to cope with new professional situations? J Agric Educ Ext 17(1):7–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daloglu I, Cho KH, Scavia D (2012) Evaluating causes of trends in long-term dissolved reactive phosphorus loads to Lake Erie. Environ Sci Technol 46(19):10660–10666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport MA, Leahy JE, Anderson DH, Jakes PJ (2007) Building trust in natural resource management within local communities: a case study of the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie. Environ Manage 39(3):353–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson E, Galloway J, Miller N, Leach A (2014) N-related greenhouse gases in North America: innovations for a sustainable future. Sci Direct 9−10:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillman D, Smyth J, Christian L (2008) Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons

  • Fales MK, Dell R, Herbert ME, Sowa SP, Asher J, O’Neil G, Doran PJ (2016) Making the leap from science to implementation: strategic agricultural conservation in Michigan’s Saginaw Bay watershed. J Great Lakes Res 42(6):1372–1385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gal P, Dugue P, Faure G, Novak S (2011) How does research address the design of innovative agricultural production systems at the farm level? A review. Agric Syst 104(9):714–728

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harden NM, Ashwood LL, Bland WL, Bell MM (2013) For the public good: weaving a multifunctional landscape in the Corn Belt. Agric Hum Values 30(4):525–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram J (2008) Are farmers in England equipped to meet the knowledge challenge of sustainable soil management? An analysis of farmer and adviser views. J Environ Manage 2:214–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr J, DePinto JA, McGrath D, Sowa SP, Swinton SM (2016a) Sustainable management of Great Lake watersheds dominated by agriculture land use. J Great Lakes Res 42(6):1252–1259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JM, Meersman M, Fuller E, Fales MK (2016b) Exploring the potential role of public drain managers in motivating agricultural conservation practices. J Great Lakes Res 42(6):1386–1394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knowler D, Bradshaw B (2007) Farmers’ adoption of conservation agriculture: a review and synthesis of recent research. Food Policy 32(1):25–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kromm D, White S (1991) Reliance on source of information for water-saving practices by irrigators in the High Plains of the U. S. A. J Rural Stud 7(4):411–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latacz-Lohmann U, Van der Hamsvoort C (1997) Auctioning conservation contracts: a theoretical analysis and an application. Am J Agric Econ 79(2):407–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemos MC, Kirchhoff CJ, Ramprasad V (2012) Narrowing the climate information usability gap. Nat Clim Change 2(11):789–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemos MC, Lo Y, Kirchhoff, Haigh T (2014) Crop advisers as climate information brokers: building the capacity of US farmers to adapt to climate change. Clim Risk Manag 4–5:32–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mase A, Babin N, Prokopy L, Genskow K (2015) Trust in sources of soil and water quality information: implications for environmental outreach and education. J Am Water Resour Assoc 51(6):1656–1666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MI Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (2016) Facts about Michigan agriculture. http://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1572-7775--,00.html MDARD

  • Mitnick BM (1980) The political economy of regulation: creating, designing, and removing regulatory forms. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Napier TL, Bridges T (2002) Adoption of conservation production systems in two Ohio watersheds: a comparative study. J Soil Water Conserv 57(4):229–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Nassauer JI, Santelmann MV, Scavia D (eds) (2007) From the Corn Belt to the Gulf: societal and environmental implications of alternative agricultural futures. Washington DC: Resources for the Future

  • Norvell J, Lattz D (1999) Value-added crop, GPS technology and consultant survey: summary of a 1998 survey of Illinois farmers. Working paper, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois

  • Osmond D, Hoag D, Luloff A, Meals D, Neas K (2015) Farmers’ use of nutrient management: lessons from watershed case studies. J Environ Qual 44:382–390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potoski M, Prakash A (2002) Protecting the environment: voluntary regulations in environmental governance. Policy Curr 11(4):9–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Prokopy L, Haigh T, Mase A, Angel J, Hart C, Knutson D, Lemos M, Lo Y, McGuire J, Morton L, Perron J, Todey D, Widhalm M (2013) Agricultural advisers: a receptive audience for weather and climate information. Weather Climate Soc. 5:162–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prokopy L, Towery D, Babin N (2014) Adoption of agricultural conservation practices: insights from research and practice. Purdue Extension, FNR-488-W

  • Prokopy LS, Carlton JS, Arbuckle JG, Haigh T, Lemos MC, Mase AS, Babin N, Dunn M, Andresen J, Angel J, Hart C, Power R (2015) Extension’s role in disseminating information about climate change to agricultural stakeholders in the United States. Clim Change 130(2):261–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prokopy LS, Floress K, Klotthor-Weinkauf D, Baumgart-Getz A (2008) Determinants of agricultural best management practice adoption: evidence from the literature. J Soil Water Conserv 63(5):300–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimer AP, Prokopy LS (2014) Farmer participation in US Farm Bill conservation programs. Environ Manag 53(2):318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rissman AR, Carpenter SR (2015) Progress on nonpoint pollution: barriers & opportunities. Daedalus 144(3):35–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romig DE, Garlynd MJ, Harris RF (1996) Farmer-based assessment of soil quality: a soil health scorecard. In Doran JW, Jones AJ (eds) Methods for assessing soil quality. Madison, WI: SSSA

  • Rosenberg S, Margerum RD (2008) Landowner motivations for watershed restoration: lessons from five watersheds. J Environ Plan Manag 51(4):477–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saginaw Bay Watershed Initiative Network (2016) Info on watershed. http://www.saginawbaywin.org/info_on_watershed/. Accessed 1 Sep 2016

  • Samy MM, Swanson BE, Sofranko A (2003) Structural change in agriculture: privatization of information and the role of extension. In: Proceedings of the 19th annual conference, AIAEE, Raleigh, NC

  • Shah D, Esker P, Bradley C, Conley S, Paul P, Robertson A (2015). A profile of and communication between certified crop advisers and maize growers in the Midwest United States. Social Science Research Network, December 2015

  • Sheriff G (2005) Efficient Waste? Why farmers over-apply nutrients and the implications for policy design. Agric Appl Econ Assoc 27(4):542–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowa SP, Herbert ME, Mysorekar SS, Annis G, Hall K, Nejadhashemi AP, Woxnicki SA, Wang L, Doran PJ (2016) How much conservation is enough? Defining implementation goals for health fish communities. J Great Lakes Res 42(6):1302–1321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoneham G, Chaudhri V, Ha A, Strappazzon L (2003) Auctions for conservation contracts: an empirical examination of Victoria’s BushTender trial. Austral J Agric Resour Econ 47(4):477–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stow CA, Dyble J, Kashian DR, Johengen TH, Winslow KP, Peacor SD et al. (2014) Phosphorus targets and eutrophication objectives in Saginaw Bay: a 35 year assessment. J Great Lakes Res 40:4–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart D, Schewe R, McDermott M (2014) Reducing nitrogen fertilizer application as a climate-change mitigation strategy: understanding farmer decision-making and potential barriers to change in the US. Land Use Policy 36:210–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stubbs M (2007) Technical assistance for agriculture conservation. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress

  • Thompson AW, Reimer A, Prokopy LS (2015) Farmers’ views of the environment: the influence of competing attitude frames on landscape conservation efforts. Agric Hum Values 32(3):385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Agriculture—Natural Resources Conservation Service (2016) Regional Conservation Partnership Program. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs/farmbill/rcpp/#. Accessed 10 Jan 2017

  • US Environmental Protection Agency (2012) Overviews and Factsheets. https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes. Accessed 1 Sep 2016

  • US Environmental Protection Agency (2016) Water Quality Assessment Report.https://ofmpub.epa.gov/waters10/attains_watershed.control#causes. Accessed 1 Sep 2016

  • Wang SL (2014) Cooperative extension system: trends and economic impacts on US agriculture. Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource 29(1):1–8

  • Wintersteen W, Padgitt S, Petrzelka P (1999) Evaluation of extension’s importance to agribusinesses: a case study of Iowa. Am Entomol 45(1):6–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf S (1995) Cropping systems and conservation policy: the roles of agrichemical dealers and independent crop consultants. J Soil Water Conserv 50(3):263–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Wondolleck JM, Yaffee SL (2000) Making collaboration work: lessons from innovation in natural resource management. Washington, DC: Island Press

Download references

Funding

Funding for this work was provided by the Cook Family Foundation and by the Mott Foundation (grant number 2010-01030.04).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francis R. Eanes.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Eanes, F.R., Singh, A.S., Bulla, B.R. et al. Midwestern US Farmers Perceive Crop Advisers as Conduits of Information on Agricultural Conservation Practices. Environmental Management 60, 974–988 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0927-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0927-z

Keywords

Navigation