Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Policy Terrain in Protected Area Landscapes: Challenges for Agroforestry in Integrated Landscape Conservation

  • Published:
Biodiversity & Conservation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Integrated ecosystem and landscape approaches to conservation are moving from concept to practice in many parts of the developing world. Agroforestry – the deliberate management of trees on farms and in agricultural landscapes – is emerging as one of the most promising approaches to enhance and stabilize rural livelihoods, while reducing pressure on protected areas, enhancing habitat for some wild species, and increasing connectivity of landscape components. For the potential of agroforestry to be effectively harnessed, however, the policy and institutional environment needs to provide farmers with clear incentives to plant and protect trees that contribute to both ecosystem function and rural livelihoods. This paper analyzes the policy terrain affecting agroforestry around protected areas in five very different contexts across Sub-Saharan Africa, finding both expected and unexpected similarities. Across the sites in Uganda, Cameroon and Mali, the study revealed a rough policy terrain for agroforestry – systemic market constraints, contradictions between development approaches and conservation objectives, and inconsistencies in institutional and regulatory frameworks. Making the conservation landscape approach more effective will require that both agriculturalists and conservation planners have much greater appreciation for the conservation and livelihood potential of agroforestry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameAfricare (2002) Uganda Food Security Initiative Baseline Survey Kabale Uganda

    Google Scholar 

  • P.O. Anegbeh Z. Tchoundjeu B.C. Anuforom V. Ukafor C. Usoro (2004) ArticleTitleFarmers’ participation in ex-situ conservation of indigenous fruit trees in southern Nigeria J. Agri. Soc. Res. 4 33–42

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Angelstam G. Mikusinski B.I. Ronnback A. Ostman M. Lazdinis J.M. Roberge W. Amberg J. Olsson (2003) ArticleTitleTwo-dimensional gap analysis: a tool for efficient conservation planning and biodiversity policy implementation Ambio 32 527–534 Occurrence Handle15049349

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K.S. Amanor (1996) Managing Trees in the Farming System: The Perspective of Farmers Forest Department Ghana

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Asare A.P. Pedersen (2004) Distribution of Tree Seed and Seedlings: A Survey Conducted in Kabale DistrictUganda Forest and Landscape Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ashley (2004) The Policy Terrain in Protected Area Landscapes: How Laws and Institutions Affect Conservation, Livelihoods, and Agroforestry in the Landscapes Surrounding the Classified Forests of Faira and DioforongoSegouMali World Agroforestry CentreTropical Resources Institute of Yale University, and the University of Georgia New Haven, Connecticut

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Ashley (2005) Conservation Through Use: Identifying Potential Forest Species for Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation on Farmland Surrounding Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in KabaleUganda Agroforestry in Landscape Mosaics Working Paper Series. World Agroforestry CentreTropical Resources Institute of Yale University, and The University of Georgia New Haven, Connecticut

    Google Scholar 

  • S.P. Benitez (2003) ArticleTitleThe Corridor Bioreserve in Ecuador: use of the functional landscape approach to conservation of montane ecosystems Moun. Res. Dev. 23 212–214

    Google Scholar 

  • B.C. Bennett G.T. Prance (2000) ArticleTitleIntroduced plants in the indigenous pharmacopoeia of northern South America Eco. Bot. 54 90–102

    Google Scholar 

  • J.-M. Boffa (1999) Agroforestry Parklands in Sub-Saharan Africa FAO Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • I. Brook (2003) ArticleTitleMaking here like there: place attachmentdisplacement and the urge to garden Ethics, Place Environ. 6 227–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Carriere-Buchsenschutz S. 2004. From monocultures to Agroforests: Cocoa and Ntumu Swiddening. Paper prepared for session on “Cultured trees: Transformations in agroforestry systems”, 9th International Congress of Ethnobiology. 13–17 June 2004, University of Kent at Canterbury.

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameCenter for Applied Biodiversity Science (CABS) (2000) Designing Sustainable Landscapes: The Brazilian Atlantic Forest Conservation International Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Cline-Cole (2000) Knowledge claims, landscapeand the fuelwood-degradation nexus in dryland Nigeria V. Broch-Due R.A. Schroeder (Eds) Producing Nature and Poverty in Africa Nordiska Afrikainstitutet Stockholm 109–147

    Google Scholar 

  • A.B. Cunningham (1996) PeoplePark and Plant Use: Recommendations for Multiple-use Zones and Development Alternatives Around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda UNESCO Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • L.M. Curran S.N. Trigg A.K. McDonald D. Astiani Y.M. Hardiono P. Siregar I. Caniago E. Kasischke (2004) ArticleTitleLowland forest loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo Science 303 1000–1003 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.1091714 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtlWnu74%3D Occurrence Handle14963327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L.P. Dhakal J.P.B. Lilleso P.K. Jha H.L. Aryal E.D. Kjaer (2001) Addressing Smallholders’ Demand for Propagation Material of Woody Species Danida Forest Seed Centre Humlebaek, Denmark

    Google Scholar 

  • G.P. Dkamela (2001) Les Institutions communautaires de gestion des produits forestiers non-ligneux dans les villages peripheriques de la Reserve de Biosphere du Dja Tropenbos-Cameroon ProgrammeTropenbos Foundation Wageningen, Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • J.F. Franklin (1993) ArticleTitlePreserving biodiversity: species, ecosystems, or landscapes? Ecol. Appl. 3 202–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Franzel S. Jaenicke H. and Janssen W. 1996. Choosing the Right Trees: Setting Priorities for Multipurpose Tree Improvement. ISNAR Research Report No. 8. The Hague.

  • D. Frossard (2005) In field or freezer? Some thoughts on genetic diversity maintenance in rice M.R. Dove P.E. Sajise A.A. Doolittle (Eds) Conserving Nature in Culture: Case Studies From Southeast Asia Monography 54/Yale Southeast Asia Studies New Haven 144–166

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Gilmore (1995) Rearranging trees in the landscape in the Middle Hills of Nepal J.E.M. Arnold P.A. Dewees (Eds) Tree Management in Farmer Strategies: Responses to Agricultural Intensification Oxford University Press Oxford 21–42

    Google Scholar 

  • S.M. Haig D.W. Mehlman L.W. Oring (1998) ArticleTitleAvian movements and wetland connectivity in landscape conservation Conserv. Biol. 12 749–758 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97102.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Hobbs D.A. Saunders G.W. Arnold (1993) ArticleTitleIntegrated landscape ecology: a Western-Australian perspective Biol. Conserv. 63 231–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) 2004. Global invasive species database. IUCN. www.issg.org.

  • A.B. Kamara B. Swallow M. Kirt (2004) ArticleTitlePolicies, interventions and institutional change in pastoral resource management in Boranasouthern Ethiopia Dev. Policy Rev. 22 381–403

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Kindt (2002) Methodology trees species diversification planning for African agroecosystems ICRAF and Ghent University Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • U. Krause (2004) Diseases in tropical agroforestry landscapes: The role of biodiversity G. Schroth A.B. Fonseca Particleda C.A. Harvey C. Gascon H.L. Vasconcelos A.N. Izac (Eds) Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes Island Press Washington DC 397–412

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Leakey (1997) ArticleTitleRedefining agroforestry – and opening Pandora's box? Agroforestry Today 9 5

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Levasseur M. Djimde A. Olivier (2004) ArticleTitleLive fences in SegouMali: an evaluation by their early users Agroforestry Syst. 60 131–136

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Lindblade G. Carswell J. Tumuhairwe (1998) ArticleTitleMitigating the relationship between population growth and land degradation Ambio 27 565–571

    Google Scholar 

  • G.E. Machlis J.E. Force (1997) ArticleTitleThe human ecosystem part I: the human ecosystem as an organizing concept in ecosystem management Soc. Nat. Res. 10 347–367

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Mahanty D. Russell (2002) ArticleTitleHigh stakes: lessons from stakeholder groups in the Biodiversity Conservation Network Soc. Nat. Res. 15 179–188

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Mbile T. Foundjem Z. Tchoundjeu C. Facheux E. Asaah A. Degrande C. Mbosso M.L. Ngo-Mpeck A. Tsobeng T. Sado (2004) CultureIndigenous trees and Biodiversity in Cameroon University of Kent Canterbury, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • M.H. McDermott (2000) Boundaries and Pathways: Indigenous Identities, Ancestral Domain, and Forest use in Palawan, the Philippines Bloomington Indiana

    Google Scholar 

  • McKean M. and Ostrom E. 1995. Common property regimes in the forest: just a relic from the past? Unasylva 180. Online journal, last visited May, 2005. URL: http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/v3960e/v3960e00.htm

  • R. McLain (1992) Recommendations for a new Malian Forest Code: Observations from the Land Tenure Center's study of land and tree tenure in Mali's Fifth Region University of Wisconsin-Madison Land Tenure Center

    Google Scholar 

  • J.A. McNeely (1994) ArticleTitleLessons from the past: Forests and biodiversity Biodivers. Conserv. 3 3–20

    Google Scholar 

  • J.A. McNeely S.J. Scherr (2001) Common Ground Common Future. How Eco-agriculture Can Help Feed the World and Save Wild Biodiversity IUCN and Future Harvest Gland, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinzen-Dick R.S. and Pradhan R. 2001. Implications of Legal Pluralism for Natural Resource Management. Institute of Development Studies, IDS Bulletin 32(4).

  • R. Meinzen-Dick L.R. Brown H.S. Feldstein A.R. Quisumbing (1997) ArticleTitleGenderproperty rights and natural resources World Dev. 25 1303–1315

    Google Scholar 

  • Minister of the Environment and Forest (MINEF) 1996. Recueil de textes officiels relatif a la gestion des fôrets et de al faune au Cameroun. Republic of Cameroon.

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameMinistry of Environment and Forests (MINEF) (1998) Manual of the Procedures for the Attribution and Norms for the Management of Community Forests Editions CLE Publishers Yaounde, Cameroon

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameMinistère du Developpement Rural et de l’Environnement (MDRE) (1992a) Plan d’amenagement de la Fôret Classée de Dioforongo Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forets Mali

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameMinistère du Developpement Rural et de l’Environnement (MDRE) (1992b) Plan d’amenagement de la Fôret Classée de Faira Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forets Mali

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameNational Forestry and Tree Planting Act (2003) Acts Supplement No. 5, The Uganda Gazette No. 37, Volume XCVI UPCC Entebbe, Uganda

    Google Scholar 

  • B.I. Nyoka (2004) The Status of Invasive Alien Forest Trees Species in Southern Africa FAO Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Perez O. Ndoye A. Yebe A. Puntodewo (2000) ArticleTitleSpatial characterization of non-timber forest products markets in the humid forest zone of Cameroon Int. Forest. Rev. 2 71–82

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Place B. Swallow (2000) Tenure and Management of Tree Resources in Eastern and Southern Africa: Problems, Evidence and Policy implications BASIS Brief 3, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin

    Google Scholar 

  • Poiani K. and Richter B. 2000. Functional Landscapes and the Conservation of Biodiversity. Working Paper No. 1 in Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy.

  • Republique du Mali. 2000. Code Forestier. Bamako. http://www.agora21.org/grn-lcd/Mali/code_forestier.htm. Site visited December2004.

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameRepublique du Mali (1998) Resume du PNAE/PAN-CID. Ministère de l’Environnement Secretariat permanent du PNAE-CID Bamako

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Rhoades (1989) The role of farmers in the creation of agricultural technology R. Chambers A. Pacey L.A. Thrupp (Eds) Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research Intermediate Technology Publications London 3–9

    Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Ribot (1999) Decentralization, Participation, and Accountability in Sahelian forestry – Legal Instruments of Political-administrative Control Institute of International Studies, University of California Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • D.M Richardson P. Binggeli G. Schroth (2004) Invasive agroforestry trees: Problems and solutions G. Schroth A.B. Fonseca Particleda C.A. Harvey C. Gascon H.L. Vasconcelos A.N. Izac (Eds) Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes Island Press Washington DC 371–396

    Google Scholar 

  • E.M. Rogers (2003) Diffusion of Innovations, 5th edn Free Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell D., Ashley R., Brosius J.P., Witter R., Welch-Devine M., Spainhower K., Barr R. and Doolittle A. in prep.. PeopleTrees and Parks: Is Agroforestry in or Out? Journal of Sustainable Forestry. New Haven, Connecticut USA.

  • D. Russell C. Fay (2003) Negotiated Landscape Level Success: Leveraging Agroforestry and Land Management Benefits University of Georgia Athens, Georgia

    Google Scholar 

  • E.W. Sanderson K.H. Redford A. Vedder P.B. Coppolillo S.E. Ward (2002) ArticleTitleA conceptual model for conservation planning based on landscape species requirements Landscape Urban Plan. 58 41–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanginga P.C. and Kamugisha R. 2003. Minimizing Conflicts in Natural Resources Management and Use: Social Capital and Local Policies in the Highlands of South-western Uganda. Final Technical ReportEast and Central African Programme for Agricultural Policy Analysis (ECAPAPA) of the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA).

  • R.A. Schroeder (1997) ArticleTitle`Re-claiming’ land in the Gambia: Gendered property rights and environmental intervention Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 87 487–508 Occurrence Handle10.1111/1467-8306.00065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Schroth A.B. Fonseca Particleda C.A. Harvey C. Gascon H.L. Vasconcelos A.N. Izac (Eds) (2004) Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes Island Press Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Scott (1998) Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed Yale University Press New Haven, CT

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Simberloff (1998) ArticleTitleFlagships, umbrellas, and keystones: Is single species management passe in the landscape era? Biol. Conserv. 83 247–257 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00081-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Swallow J-M. Boffa S.J. Scherr (2005) The Potential for Agroforestry to Contribute to the Conservation and Enhancement of Landscape Biodiversity Rebecca Mitchell Michelle Grayson (Eds) World Agroforestry and the Future World Agroforestry Centre Nairobi, Kenya

    Google Scholar 

  • Z. Tchoundjeu E. Asaah P. Anegbeh A. Degrande P. Mbile C. Facheux A.J. Simons R.R.B. Leakey J. Kengue J.M. Foundoun (2004) Putting Participatory Domestication to Practice in West and Central Africa Paper presented at the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry: Working together for sustainable land use systems. Orlando Florida, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Terborgh (1999) Reqium for Nature Island Press Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameThe Uganda Forestry Policy (2001) Ministry of Water Lands and Environment Republic of Uganda

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameUganda Forest Department (1951) A History of the Uganda Forest Department 1898–1929 D.L. Patel Press Ltd Uganda

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Envrionment Programme (UNEP) 2004. Protected Areas ProgrammeWorld Heritage Sites: Uganda. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/bwindi.html.

  • J.D. Unruh (2002) Land dispute resolution in Mozambique R. Meinzen-Dick A. Knox F. Place B. Swallow (Eds) Innovation in Natural Resource Management: The Role of Rights and Collective Action in Developing Countries Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Berg Particlevan den K. Biesbrouck (2000) The Social Dimensions of Rainforest Management in Cameroon: Issues for Co-management Kribi Cameroon

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Noordwijk Particlevan P.M. Susswein C. Palm A.M. Izac T.P. Tomich (2001a) Problem Definition for Integrated Natural Resource Management in Forest Margins of the Humid Tropics: Characterization and Diagnosis of Land Use Practices ICRAF Bogor, Indonesia

    Google Scholar 

  • van Noordwijk M., Tomich T.P. and Verbist B. 2001b. Negotiation support models for integrated natural resource management in tropical forest margins. Conserv. Ecol. 5(2): 2. www.consecol. org/vol5/iss2/art21.

  • R.G. Wild J. Mutebi (1996) Conservation Through Community Use of Plant Resources: Establishing Collaborative Management at Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, Uganda UNESCO Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameWorld Resources Institute (2002) An Overview of Logging in Cameroon Global Forest Watch Report Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Weaver (1996) ArticleTitleMapping the policy terrain: Political economy, policy environmentand forestry production in northern Mexico J. Political Ecol. 3 37–68

    Google Scholar 

  • K.D. Wiebe R. Meinzen-Dick (1998) ArticleTitleProperty rights as policy tools for sustainable development Land Use Policy 3 203–215

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Williamson L. Usongo (1995) I Recensement des populations de primates et inventaires des grands mammifères. II Recensement des éléphants, gorilles et chimpanzés dans la Réserve de Faune du Dja (Cameroun) Rapport technique Projet Ecofac, Cameroun

    Google Scholar 

  • World Resources Institute 2004. Earth Trends-forests, grasslands and drylands country profiles: Mali. http://earthtrends.wri.org/country_profiles/index.cfm?theme=98andrcode=4. Visited December 4, 2004.

  • S. Wunder (2001) ArticleTitlePoverty alleviation and tropical forests: what scope for synergies? World Dev. 29 1817–1833 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00070-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 2005. WWF on the ground in Campo-Ma’an. http://www. panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/africa/where/central_africa/Cameroon. Visited May 12, 2005.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA

    Rebecca Ashley

  2. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya

    Diane Russell & Brent Swallow

Authors
  1. Rebecca Ashley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Diane Russell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Brent Swallow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rebecca Ashley.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ashley, R., Russell, D. & Swallow, B. The Policy Terrain in Protected Area Landscapes: Challenges for Agroforestry in Integrated Landscape Conservation. Biodivers Conserv 15, 663–689 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-2100-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-2100-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation