Nutrient pressures and ecological responses to nutrient loading reductions in Danish streams, lakes and coastal waters
Introduction
Excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading from point and non-point sources is considered one of the main factors damaging the ecological quality of streams, lakes and estuaries and the deteriorating quality of ground water (Meybeck, 1982, Iserman, 1990, Sabater et al., 1990, European Environment Agency, 1995, European Environment Agency, 1999, Jordan et al., 1997). The measures introduced in various countries to reduce nutrient pollution and hence improve water quality have had varying success. In many larger rivers the ecological quality has improved due to a reduction in point source discharges (European Environment Agency, 1999), whereas the ecological quality of smaller streams, being ecologically important for the aquatic biota, has seldom been improved (Pieterse et al., 2003). Thus, the efforts to reduce point source nutrient inputs to rivers, lakes, estuaries and coastal waters has been successful in many countries world wide, but improvements in ecological quality were in many cases dampened by nutrient losses from non-point sources (e.g. Thornton et al., 1999).
The newly adopted EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims at protecting different water bodies to prevent further deterioration and to protect and enhance the status of aquatic ecosystems (European Parliament and of the Council 2000/60/EC, 2000). The implementation of the WFD involves different steps where River Basin Authorities shall (i) perform an analysis of pressures and impacts (before 2005); (ii) develop monitoring programmes (before 2007); and (iii) implement mitigation strategies in the form of River Basin Management Plans (before 2009). An important part of the WFD is that reference conditions of different water body types should be detailed and applied in the target setting of ecological quality criteria in water bodies for judgement of the fulfilment of quality objectives (guideline).
It is essential to document the chemical and ecological responses to previous reductions of nutrient loading to the aquatic environment in order to improve our knowledge of important issues such as: (i) time lag and inertia in nutrient turnover from soil to surface water (e.g. Stålnacke et al., 2003); (ii) quantitative responses to different management measures against non-point pollution (Kronvang et al., 1999); and (iii) ecosystem responses to reduced nutrient pollution, including system resilience (Jeppesen et al., 1999).
Many countries have developed monitoring programmes and protocols that enable a reliable quantification of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loadings and concentrations in the aquatic environment (e.g. Kronvang et al., 1993, Kronvang et al., 1995). Data from such monitoring programmes can be of great help in understanding the various hydrological and biogeochemical processes governing N and P cycling in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments and their ecological impacts (Kronvang et al., 1993). Together with existing models the experience gathered can assist catchment managers in making predictions of nutrient reductions and ecological effects in the aquatic environment (e.g. Heathwaite et al., 2000, Pieterse et al., 2003).
In Denmark, the first River Basin Management Plans for reduction of N, P and organic matter pollution of surface waters were adopted in the early 1970s (Andersen, 1994). The Danish Parliament adopted the first National Action Plan in 1987 with the aim to reduce by 50% the N-loading and by 80% the P-loading of surface waters, and at the same time the Danish National Aquatic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (NOVA) was launched (Kronvang et al., 1993). The 14 years of experience from the NOVA programme serve as a multiple catchment scale experiment for documenting nutrient responses to changes in point sources discharges and agricultural practices and in land–water interactions. As shown by Stålnacke et al. (2003) in an analysis of relationships between intensity of agricultural production and resulting N loads in Latvian rivers, there seems to be inertia between soil-surface water N interactions, such that nutrient loads carried by rivers were not reduced despite the large decrease in fertilizer input to agricultural land. Moreover, resilience in lakes, estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems can greatly influence ecological improvements being either accelerated or dampened following nutrient reductions, depending on the biological structure and sediment–water interactions (Jeppesen et al., 1999). Finally, changes in nutrient emissions will influence N/P-ratios in streams, rivers, lakes and estuaries in such a manner that a new nutrient limitation situation may occur in the water bodies Conley, 1999). Knowledge of such ecosystem responses is vital to catchment managers in Europe who are challenged with the task of implementing the WFD.
This paper describes and documents the effects of four Danish Action Plans adopted since the 1980s on N and P pollution of streams, rivers, lakes and estuaries. The paper includes quantitative information on the impact of the Action Plans on driving forces causing nutrient pollution, changes in different nutrient pollution pressures, trends in the nutrient state and changes in the ecological quality of surface waters.
Section snippets
River network
A network of 180 Danish river monitoring stations were established in Denmark in 1988 covering the existing gradients in climate, soil types, geology, land use and agricultural practices (Kronvang et al., 1993). The sampling stations were selected to obtain reliable results on the state and trends in nutrient loadings to water bodies, on changes in nutrient sources and trends in nutrient concentrations and composition of surface waters. The river network is designed to obtain information on
Measures implemented to reduce nutrient pollution in Denmark
During the last two decades several Action Plans have been implemented in Denmark to reduce nutrient loading to the aquatic environment (Table 1). Action Plan I included measures against both point source and non-point source nutrient pollution and had the overall aim of reducing N-loading and P-loading to the aquatic environment by 50 and 80%, respectively, within a five year period. Action Plan I was reinforced by the Plan for Sustainable Agricultural Production in 1993 and Action Plan II in
Conclusions
A thorough assessment of a 14-year series of monitoring data from streams, rivers, lakes and estuaries has shown that major changes have occurred following the adoption of several Action Plans to combat nutrient pollution of the Danish aquatic environment. A major reduction of point source discharges to Danish freshwater, estuaries and coastal marine waters has been achieved, amounting to 69% for TN and 82% for TP during the period 1989–2002. During the same period, the Action Plans have
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Danish Natural Research Programme (CONWOY; SNF No. 2052-01-0034) and the EU 6th Framework Programme IP Euro-limpacs. The authors are grateful to Anne Mette Poulsen, NERI who improved the English.
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