… carbon-normalized sorption coefficient K oc . In addition, the estimation of log K oc by log
K ow leads to significant underestimation of log K oc and log K d , K D values. This suggests …

Although antibiotics have been used in large quantities for some decades, until recently the
existence of these substances in the environment has received little notice. It is only in recent …

Antibiotics, disinfectants and bacteria resistant to them have been detected in environmental
compartments such as waste water, surface water, ground water, sediments and soils. …

… Gupta & K. Kümmerer, unpublished results). The resulting molecules are called transformation
products (Figure 3) (31). Such structural changes result in new chemical entities with new …

… With a stability constant of K=10 28 the stability of Fe(III)–EDTA complexes is very much
greater than those of the appropriate gadolinium complexes (K=10 23 ) (Falter and Wilken, 1998)…

… The pK a values = −log 10 K a (where K a is the acid dissociation constant) of ciprofloxacin
are 6.16 and 8.63. At a pH of 7.04, the iso-electric point of ciprofloxacin, the molecule carries …

Objective There is growing concern about bacterial resistance to antimicrobials. The majority
of antibiotics used are only partially metabolized after administration, and are released via …

Background Pharmaceuticals are designed to stimulate a physiological response in humans,
animals, bacteria or other organisms. During the past decade, concern has grown about …

Most antibiotics are metabolized only incompletely by patients after administration and enter
the municipal sewage with the patients' excretions. Little is known about their …

… The induction factor IF was calculated as the ratio R X /R 0 (R X =U (βg) /U (ap) determined
for the test chemical concentration k 1 ,…,k n ; R 0 =U (βg) /U (ap) with k=0, negative control). …