In response to a peripheral infection, innate immune cells produce pro-inflammatory
cytokines that act on the brain to cause sickness behaviour. When activation of the peripheral …

Ecological risk assessors face increasing demands to assess more chemicals, with greater
speed and accuracy, and to do so using fewer resources and experimental animals. New …

Jaynes's principle of maximum entropy and Kullbacks principle of minimum cross-entropy (minimum
directed divergence) are shown to be uniquely correct methods for inductive …

The behavioral repertoire of humans and animals changes dramatically following infection.
Sick individuals have little motivation to eat, are listless, complain of fatigue and malaise, …

Episodic eddy-driven upwelling may supply a significant fraction of the nutrients required to
sustain primary productivity of the subtropical ocean. New observations in the northwest …

The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) commenced monthly sampling in October
1988 as part of the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) program. The goals of the US …

In response to antigenic stimuli, a variety of cells, including activated macrophages, secrete
cytokines that are responsible for altering the host's metabolism. Three of these cytokines (…

Interleukin (IL)-10 is synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS) and acts to limit clinical
symptoms of stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, meningitis, and the behavioral …

Recent studies suggest that activation of the peripheral immune system elicits a discordant
central (ie, in the brain) inflammatory response in aged but otherwise healthy subjects …

Acute cognitive disorders are common in elderly patients with peripheral infections but it is not
clear why. Here, we injected old and young mice with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (…